PATEL HOMOEO CLINIC

R

2011-08-31T11:52:00.002+05:30

Homeopathic Travel Vaccines

2011-08-10T11:01:00.002+05:30

Homeopathic Travel Vaccines
Many people in the alternative health world are now seeking out alternatives to conventional vaccines. Homeopathy offers a safe, effective alternative to conventional vaccination. Homeopathic vaccines have been used for hundreds of years to prevent epidemic disease, and a number of studies prove their effectiveness.

Cuba Uses Homeopathic Vaccines to Protect 2.3 million people from Leptospirosis
In 2007, a homeopathic vaccine was administered to 2.3 million people in 3 provinces of Cuba to protect against Leptospirosis. A significant decrease in disease incidence was observed in the intervention region, whereas no such decrease in disease incidence was noticed in non-intervention regions (regions where homeopathic vaccines were not given for Leptospirosis). In the intervention region the incidence of Leptospirosis fell below the historic median. The homeopathic vaccination approach was associated with a large reduction of disease incidence and control of the epidemic.

Homeopathic Cholera Vaccines
In 1831 Samuel Hahnemann prevented and treated cholera during the 1831 Asiatic cholera epidemic with the remedies Camphor, Cuprum metallicum and Veratrum album. In 1849 Dr Clemens von Boenninghausen treated and prevented untold numbers of cholera infections during the 1949 European epidemic with the above remedies recommended by Hahnemann. While a death rate of 54-90% occurred with conventional treatment, Boenninghausen’s patients had a mortality rate of only 5-16%.

Homeopathic Polio Vaccines
In 1850 during an epidemic of poliomyelitis, Dr Taylor Smith of Johannesburg, South Africa protected 82 people with homoeopathic Lathyrus sativus. Of the 82 so immunised, 12 came into direct contact with disease. None were infected. Dr Grimmer of Chicago prophylactically treated 5,000 young children with Lathyrus sativus. None developed polio.In 1957 a severe poliomyelitis epidemic occurred in Buenos Aires. The majority of homoeopathic doctors prescribed Lathyrus sativus as a preventative. Drug stores distributed thousands of doses to the public. None of those who used the prophylactic registered a case of contagion (Eizayaga). In 1975 during another poliomyelitis epidemic in Buenos Aires, 40,000 were given the homeopathic prophylactic Lathyrus sativus. None developed poliomyelitis (Eizayaga).
Source : http://www.fitnessgoop.com/2011/06/homeopathic-travel-vaccines/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPdVlpMEUfQ&feature=player_detailpage

http://youtu.be/CzeuA5yCC1k

http://youtu.be/K95QGrAFFPk

Nanotechnology

2011-02-01T19:59:00.000+05:30

Thursday, December 16, 2010

IIT scientists proved that homeopathic medicines work on the principle of nanotechnology.

Mumbai: Six months after the British Medical Association rubbished homeopathy as witchcraft with no scientific basis, IIT scientists have said the sweet white pills work on the principle of nanotechnology.

Homeopathic pills containing naturally occurring metals such as gold, copper and iron retain their potency even when diluted to a nanometre or one-billionth of a metre, states the IIT-Bombay research published in the latest issue of ‘Homeopathy’, a peer-reviewed journal from reputed medical publishing firm Elsevier.

IIT-B’s chemical engineering department bought homeopathic pills from neighbourhood shops, prepared highly diluted solutions and checked these under powerful electron microscopes to find nanoparticles of the original metal.

‘‘Certain highly diluted homeopathic remedies made from metals still contain measurable amounts of the starting material, even at extreme dilutions of 1 part in 10 raised to 400 parts (200C),’’ said Dr Jayesh Bellare from the scientific team. ‘Homeo pills get potent on dilution’

His student, Prashant Chikramane, presented the homeopathy paper titled, ‘Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective’, as part of his doctoral thesis.

‘‘Homeopathy has been a conundrum for modern medicine. Its practitioners maintained that homeopathic pills got more potent on dilution, but they could never explain the mechanism scientifically enough for the modern scientists,’’ said Bellare.

Homoeopathy faces controversies because of its high dilutions beyond Avogadro’s number such as 30c and 200c (1060 and 10400 respectively). This study has demonstrated the presence of nanoparticles of the starting materials and their aggregates even at extremely high dilutions, using market samples of metal-derived medicines from two reputable manufacturers in

India

. Researchers have demonstrated for the first time by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and chemical analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the presence of physical entities in these extreme dilutions. The confirmed presence of nanoparticles challenges current thinking about the role of dilutions in homoeopathic medicines. They have found that the concentrations reach a plateau at the 6c potency and beyond. Further they have shown that despite large differences in the degree of dilution from 6c to 200c, there were no major differences in the nature of the particles (shape and size) of the starting material and their absolute concentrations (in pg/ml).

Source : Malathy Iyer | TNN

The Times Of

India

Delhi Date: Dec 16, 2010;Section: Front Page;1

Reference: Prashant Satish Chikramane, Akkihebbal K. Suresh, Jayesh Ramesh Bellare, Shantaram Govind Kane., Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective, Homeopathy, Volume 99, Issue 4, October 2010, Pages 231-242

Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Bellare JR, Kane SG (2010). Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: a nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathy 2010; 99: 231-242. Web: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WXX-518T4YP-3/2/6e6eb3920562d5d97e2a4671f0416546

John A Ives, Wayne B Jonas and Joyce C Frye, Do serial dilutions really dilute? Guest Editorial Homeopathy 2010; 99: 231-242.

Web: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WXX-518T4YP-2/2/dfec73836f07c62e6863aaaaa5feea08

Lead Poisoning

2010-05-14T20:30:00.001+05:30

Lead Poisoning Symptoms

The following symptoms have been noted in individuals know to be lead poisoned:

General Symptoms of Lead Poisoning In Children and Adults:
- Stomach aches, cramping, constipation, or diarrhea
- Nausea, vomiting
- Persistent, unexplained fatigue
- Headache
- Muscle weakness
- Higher rates of tooth decay
Behavioral Symptoms of Lead Poisoning In Children
- Irritability or aggressiveness
- Hyperactivity, being easily distracted, impulsiveness
- Learning problems
- Lack of interest in play
- Loss of appetite
Behavioral Symptoms of Lead Poisoning In Adults
- Irritability
- Unexplained changes in mood or personality
- Changes in sleep patterns
- Inability to concentrate
- Memory loss

DMSA For Lead Removal and Treatment of Lead Poisoning Symptoms

Our bodies are constantly exposed to an onslaught of environmental toxins. Lead and mercury are two heavy metals that seem to have found their way into almost everyone. Lead and mercury do not occur naturally in the body and as such are very toxic. These two heavy metals are known to interfere with how nerves communicate. Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is a compound approved in the 1960's by the FDA for the safe removal (chelation) of lead and is known to improve lead poisoning symptoms. DMSA is considered the preferred agent for the chelation (removal) of lead in both adults and children. Lead is very toxic and the negative effects of lead exposure are well documented. There is no 'safe' level of lead in the human body. Lead poisoning symptoms are found in many individuals. Most don't even know they are toxic.
Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is also known as succimer and sold as a prescription under the trade name Chemet. DMSA has a somewhat strong sulfur like smell. It's chemical properties make it particularly suited to chelate (remove via excretion) mercury and lead, the two most common toxic heavy metals in people.

Proof That DMSA Removes Lead and Helps With Lead Poisoning Symptoms

The following are actual patient results. The subject is a 46 year old female. These test results are from an independent lab called DoctorsData.

Note the incredible drop in the levels of mercury and lead! DMSA absolutely does remove Lead from the human body.


Urine test done BEFORE the start of DMSA treatment.	Urine test three months AFTER the start of DMSA treatment.

This patient is only part way through her lead removal. Her levels are dropping quickly, soon she will have no lead left in her body. Also note that tin was completely removed from her and her level of thallium was decreased along with cadmium and arsenic. DMSA is non-selective, it grabs any heavy metals that are in your body and removes them. If you have more than 2 of the lead poisoning symptoms listed above you might want to investigate further.

How Did I Get Lead In My Body?

There are several possible ways lead got into your body. Below each of the more common exposures will be discussed. Remember there are no safe levels for lead. Chelation (removal) of lead with DMSA is well documented in the scientific literature. There are several other chelation agents but DMSA so far as been proven to be the safest and most effective.
We are the lead generation. Adults with lead probably got it passed to them from their mothers invitro. Mom was exposed to lead from a variety of places, lead house paint, lead paint on dishes, leaded gasoline. It takes 4 generations to eliminate lead exposure if no agents are used to remove lead from the body.

Sources of Lead Exposure

1. Our parents, passed from mother to child in vitro
2. Old Homes (paint and lead pipes)
3. Painted Dishes
4. Toys from China
5. Canned Foods (lead solder)
6. Children's Jewellry
7. Contaminated Candy Imported from Mexico (from processing)
Lead is also present in a variety of different working locations such as mines and smelting plants. Even some cosmetics such as facial powders made outside of the USA contain lead.

DMSA Chelation

The chemical process behind how DMSA works to chelate heavy metals from the body is somewhat technical and beyond the scope of this article. The basic mechanism is that DMSA has receptor sites that the heavy metals bind to. New research suggests the following action. Heavy metals reside inside the cells of the body and DMSA cannot enter the cells. Instead glutathione (the body's natural chelator) residing inside the cell pushes the metals out of the cell whereby they are picked up by DMSA and excreted. Now you might say can't I just take a glutathione supplement and force more heavy metals out of the cell? The answer is no because naturally occurring glutathione levels are 100 higher inside the cell than outside. Any glutathione supplement you take will end up circulation around the outside of the cell only. What you need to do instead is take the precursor for glutathione so you body will manufacture its own glutathione. One known pre-cursor (the chemical that allows your body to make its own glutathione) is N-AcetylCysteine, abbreviated as NAC. Glycine also plays a large role in the production of glutathione, which is why its in the DMSA Synergy product.
DMSA should be taken in on again and off again cycles. Ideally 3 days on and 11 days off. The reason is that the body needs 11 days to regenerate its glutathione levels. Three days on and 11 days off is the fastest and safest way to use DMSA to chelate heavy metals.

DMSA and the Blood Brain Barrier

As previously stated DMSA can NOT cross the blood brain barrier. One study exists with lab rats wherein the DMSA did cross the blood brain barrier. However these test animals were so toxic that their normal functioning was greatly impaired. The results have never been duplicated so its safe to say that DMSA cannot cross the blood brain barrier. DMSA must be taken in conjunction with alpha-lipoic acid to cross the blood brain barrier. After you have chelated the heavy metals from your body (know as 'lowering your body burden') you should then add alpha-lipoic acid with your DMSA to pull the mercury and other metals from your brain.
DMSA is taken in capsule form. Other competing forms of chelation, namely ETDA (suppositories) and DMPS (intraveniously) are more dangerous and less effective. DMSA is thought to remove small amounts of beneficial minerals, therefore a vitamin and mineral supplement such as a high quality multi vitamin should be taken in conjunction with DMSA.

Chikungunya

2010-03-30T19:41:00.001+05:30

Chikungunya

Chikungunya is a form of viral fever caused by an alphavirus that is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti mosquito, though recent research by the Pasteur Institute in Paris claims the virus has suffered a mutation that enables it to be transmitted by Aedes Albopictus (Tiger mosquito). This was the cause of the actual plague in the Indian Ocean and a threat to the mediterranean coast at present.

The name is derived from the Makonde word meaning “that which bends up” in reference to the stooped posture developed as a result of the arthritic symptoms of the disease.

Chikungunya – CAUSE

Alphavirus that is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus mosquitos.

CHARACTERISTICS: Togaviridae (formerly group A arboviruses), genus Alphavirus; spherical, enveloped virions 60 nm in diameter, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome

PATHOGENICITY: Self limiting febrile viral disease; characterized by arthralgia or arthritis typically in the knee, ankle and small joints of the extremities, high fever, followed by a maculopapular rash; buccal and palatal enanthema can occur; nausea and vomiting may occur; mild hemorrhaging may be present especially in children; inapperent infections are common, immunity is long lasting

EPIDEMIOLOGY: Found in Africa, India, south east Asia and the Philippines

HOST RANGE: Humans, primates, other mammals, birds

Chikungunya – SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

The primary symptoms of Chikungunya include -

Fever which can reach 39°C, (102.2 °F)
A petechial or maculopapular rash usually involving the limbs and trunk
Arthralgia (bodyache) or arthritis affecting multiple joints which can be debilitating. The joint pains can be severe and even crippling.

There can also be headache, conjunctival infection and slight photophobia. Fever typically lasts for two days and abruptly comes down, however joint pain, intense headache,insomnia and an extreme degree of prostration lasts for a variable period, usually for about 5 to 7 days.

Dermatological manifestations observed in a recent outbreak of Chikungunya fever in Southern India includes the following:

Maculopapular rash
Nasal blotchy erythema
Freckle-like pigmentation over centro-facial area
Flagellate pigmentation on face and extremities
Lichenoid eruption and hyperpigmentation in photodistributed areas
Multiple aphthous-like ulcers over scrotum, crural areas and axilla.
Lympoedema in acral distribution (bilateral /unilateral)
Multiple ecchymotic spots (Children)
Vesiculobullous lesions (infants)
Subungual hemorrhage

Chikungunya – HOW DIAGNOSIS IS DONE?

Detection of antigens or antibody to the agent in the blood (serology)
ELISA is available
An IgM capture ELISA is necessary to distinguish the disease from dengue fever.

Chikungunya – HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT

Homeopathy offers many medicines which may help in Chikungunya. These include medicines like Eupatorium-perf, Pyroginum, Rhus-tox, Cedron, Influenzinum, China, Arnica, Belladona, Bryonia etc. Many homeopaths consider Eupatorium perf. as a preventive medicine for Chikungunya. The most commonly suggested potency as prophylaxis is 200C of Eupatorium perf. Eupatorium Perfoliatum Q (tincture, 10 to15 drop dose)will remove the debilitating joint pains and cut short the intensity and duration of the disease. Other potencies may be used according to the intensity of the case.

Anxiety

2010-03-23T18:58:00.002+05:30

What is Anxiety? Anxiety Symptoms and Causes

Anxiety is a general term for several disorders that cause nervousness, fear, apprehension, and worrying. These disorders affect how we feel and behave, and they can manifest real physical symptoms. Mild anxiety is vague and unsettling, while severe anxiety can be extremely debilitating, having a serious impact on daily life.
People often experience a general state of worry or fear before confronting something challenging such as a test, examination, recital, or interview. These feelings are easily justified and considered normal. Anxiety is considered a problem when symptoms interfere with a person's ability to sleep or otherwise function. Generally speaking, anxiety occurs when a reaction is out of proportion with what might be normally expected in a situation.
Anxiety disorders can be classified into several more specific types. The most common are briefly described below.

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic disorder characterized by excessive, long-lasting anxiety and worry about nonspecific life events, objects, and situations. GAD sufferers often feel afraid and worry about health, money, family, work, or school, but they have trouble both identifying the specific fear and controlling the worries. Their fear is usually unrealistic or out of proportion with what may be expected in their situation. Sufferers expect failure and disaster to the point that it interferes with daily functions like work, school, social activities, and relationships.
A short video discussing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). (video by healthyplace)

What is Panic Disorder?

Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety characterized by brief or sudden attacks of intense terror and apprehension that leads to shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, and difficulty breathing. Panic attacks tend to arise abruptly and peak after 10 minutes, but they then may last for hours. Panic disorders usually occur after frightening experiences or prolonged stress, but they can be spontaneous as well. A panic attack may lead an individual to be acutely aware of any change in normal body function, interpreting it as a life threatening illness - hypervigiliance followed by hypochondriasis. In addition, panic attacks lead a sufferer to expect future attacks, which may cause drastic behavioral changes in order to avoid these attacks.
A short video discussing panic disorder. (video by NHSChoices)

What is a Phobia?

A Phobia is an irrational fear and avoidance of an object or situation. Phobias are different from generalized anxiety disorders because a phobia has a fear response identified with a specific cause. The fear may be acknowledged as irrational or unnecessary, but the person is still unable to control the anxiety that results. Stimuli for phobia may be as varied as situations, animals, or everyday objects. For example, agoraphobia occurs when one avoids a place or situation to avoid an anxiety or panic attack. Agoraphobics will situate themselves so that escape will not be difficult or embarrassing, and they will change their behavior to reduce anxiety about being able to escape.
A video discussing phobias. (video by wbal)

What is Social Anxiety Disorder?

Social Anxiety Disorder is a type of social phobia characterized by a fear of being negatively judged by others or a fear of public embarrassment due to impulsive actions. This includes feelings such as stage fright, a fear of intimacy, and a fear of humiliation. This disorder can cause people to avoid public situations and human contact to the point that normal life is rendered impossible.
A 28 minute video discussing social anxiety disorder with leading expert, Dr. Murray Stein. (video by uctelevision)

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by thoughts or actions that are repetitive, distressing, and intrusive. OCD suffers usually know that their compulsions are unreasonable or irrational, but they serve to alleviate their anxiety. Often, the logic of someone with OCD will appear superstitious, such as an insistence in walking in a certain pattern. OCD sufferers may obsessively clean personal items or hands or constantly check locks, stoves, or light switches.
A 4 minute video discussing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). (video by koritzls)

What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is anxiety that results from previous trauma such as military combat, rape, hostage situations, or a serious accident. PTSD often leads to flashbacks and behavioral changes in order to avoid certain stimuli.
A 28 minute video discussing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (video by uctelevision)

What is Separation Anxiety Disorder?

Separation Anxiety Disorder is characterized by high levels of anxiety when separated from a person or place that provides feelings of security or safety. Sometimes separation results in panic, and it is considered a disorder when the response is excessive or inappropriate.
A short video of a toddler demonstrating separation anxiety. (video by jenningh)

What are common symptoms of anxiety?

People with anxiety disorders present a variety of physical symptoms in addition to non-physical symptoms that characterize the disorders such as excessive, unrealistic worrying. Many of these symptoms are similar to those exhibited by a person suffering general illness, heart attack, or stroke, and this tends to further increase anxiety. The following is a list of physical symptoms associated with GAD:

Trembling
Churning stomach
Nausea
Diarrhea
Headache
Backache
Heart palpitations
Numbness or "pins and needles" in arms, hands or legs
Sweating/flushing
Restlessness
Easily tired
Trouble concentrating
Irritability
Muscle tension
Frequent urination
Trouble falling or staying asleep
Being easily startled

Those suffering from panic disorders may experience similar physical symptoms to those with GAD. They also may experience chest pains, a sense of choking, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
Post-traumatic stress disorders have a range of symptoms that are unique to this form of anxiety. Frequent symptomatic behaviors include:

Flashbacks or nightmares of re-experiencing the trauma
Avoidance of people, places, and things that are associated with the original event
Difficulty concentrating or sleeping
Closely watching surroundings (hypervigilance)
Irritability and diminished feelings or aspirations for the future

What Causes Anxiety?

Anxiety disorders may be caused by environmental factors, medical factors, genetics, brain chemistry, substance abuse, or a combination of these. It is most commonly triggered by the stress in our lives. Usually anxiety is a response to outside forces, but it is possible that we make ourselves anxious with "negative self-talk" - a habit of always telling ourselves the worst will happen.

Environmental and external factors

Environmental factors that are known to cause several types of anxiety include:

Trauma from events such as abuse, victimization, or the death of a loved one
Stress in a personal relationship, marriage, friendship, and divorce
Stress at work
Stress from school
Stress about finances and money
Stress from a natural disaster
Lack of oxygen in high altitude areas

Medical factors

Anxiety is associated with medical factors such as anemia, asthma, infections, and several heart conditions. Some medically-related causes of anxiety include:

Stress from a serious medical illness
Side effects of medication
Symptoms of a medical illness
Lack of oxygen from emphysema, or pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lung)

Substance use and abuse

It is estimated that about half of patients who utilize mental health services for anxiety disorders such as GAD, panic disorder, or social phobia are doing so because of alcohol or benzodiazepine dependence. More generally, anxiety is also know to result from:

Intoxication from an illicit drug, such as cocaine or amphetamines
Withdrawal from an illicit drug, such as heroin, or from prescription drugs like Vicodin, benzodiazepines, or barbiturates

Genetics

It has been suggested by some researchers that a family history of anxiety increases the likelihood that a person will develop it. That is, some people may have a genetic predisposition that gives them a greater chance of suffering from anxiety disorders.

Brain chemistry

Research has shown that people with abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain are more likely to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder. When neurotransmitters are not working properly, the brain's internal communication network breaks down, and the brain may react in an inappropriate way in some situations. This can lead to anxiety.

How is anxiety diagnosed?

A psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, or other mental-health professional is usually enlisted to diagnose anxiety and identify the causes of it. The physician will take a careful medical and personal history, perform a physical examination, and order laboratory tests as needed. There is no one laboratory test that can be used to diagnose anxiety, but tests may provide useful information about a medical condition that may be causing physical illness or other anxiety symptoms.
To be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a person must:

Excessively worry and be anxious about several different events or activities on more days than not for at least six months
Find it difficult to control the worrying
Have at least three of the following six symptoms associated with the anxiety on more days than not in the last six months: restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, difficulty sleeping, difficulty concentrating

Generally, to be diagnosed with GAD, symptoms must be present more often than not for six months and they must interfere with daily living, causing the sufferer to miss work or school.
If the focus of the anxiety and worry is confined to a particular anxiety disorder, GAD will not be the diagnosis. For example, a physician may diagnose panic disorder if the anxiety is focused on worrying about having a panic attack, social phobia if worrying about being embarrassed in public, separation anxiety disorder if worrying about being away from home or relatives, anorexia nervosa if worrying about gaining weight, or hypochondriasis if worrying about having a serious illness.
Patients with anxiety disorder often present symptoms similar to clinical depression and vice-versa. It is rare for a patient to exhibit symptoms of only one of these.

How is anxiety treated?

Anxiety can be treated medically, with psychological counseling, or independently. Ultimately, the treatment path depends on the cause of the anxiety and the patient's preferences. Often treatments will consist of a combination of psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, and medications.
Sometimes alcoholism, depression, or other coexisting conditions have such a strong effect on the individual that treating the anxiety disorder must wait until the coexisting conditions are brought under control.

Self treatment

In some cases, anxiety may be treated at home, without a doctor's supervision. However, this may be limited to situations in which the duration of the anxiety is short and the cause is identified and can be eliminated or avoided. There are several exercises and actions that are recommended to cope with this type of anxiety:

Learn to manage stress in your life. Keep an eye on pressures and deadlines, and commit to taking time away from study or work.
Learn a variety of relaxation techniques. Information about physical relaxation methods and meditation techniques can be found in book stores and health food shops.
Practice deep abdominal breathing. This consists of breathing in deeply and slowly through your nose, taking the air right down to your abdomen, and then breathing out slowly and gently through your mouth. Breathing deeply for too long may lead to dizziness from the extra oxygen.
Learn to replace "negative self talk" with "coping self talk." Make a list of the negative thoughts you have, and write a list of positive, believable thoughts to replace them. Replace negative thoughts with positive ones.
Picture yourself successfully facing and conquering a specific fear.
Talk with a person who is supportive.
Meditate.
Exercise.
Take a long, warm bath.
Rest in a dark room.

Counseling

A standard method of treating anxiety is with psychological counseling. This can include cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, or a combination of therapies.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to recognize and change the patient's thinking patterns that are associated with the anxiety and troublesome feelings. This type of therapy has two main parts: a cognitive part designed to limit distorted thinking and a behavioral part designed to change the way people react to the objects or situations that trigger anxiety.
For example, a patient undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder might work on learning that panic attacks are not really heart attacks. Those receiving this treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder for cleanliness may work with a therapist to get their hands dirty and wait increasingly longer amounts of time before washing them. Post-traumatic stress disorder sufferers will work with a therapist to recall the traumatic event in a safe situation to alleviate the fear it produces. Exposure-based therapies such as CBT essentially have people confront their fears and try to help them become desensitized to anxiety-triggering situations
Psychotherapy is another type of counseling treatment for anxiety disorders. It consists of talking with a trained mental health professional, psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, or other counselor. Sessions may be used to explore the causes of anxiety and possible ways to cope with symptoms.

Medicine

Medical treatments for anxiety utilize several types of drugs. If the cause of the anxiety is a physical ailment, treatment will be designed to eliminate the particular ailment. This might involve surgery or other

Ganglion / Ganglion Cyst in Wrist

2010-03-08T10:42:00.001+05:30

Ganglion / Ganglion Cyst in Wrist

ganglion cyst is a swelling that often appears on or around joints and tendons in the hand or foot. The size of the cyst can vary over time. It is most frequently located around the wrist and on the fingers.

Ganglion cysts arise from the capsule of a joint or the sheath of a tendon. They can be found at different places on the wrist. Aganglion cyst that grows on the top of the wrist is called a dorsal ganglion. Others are found on the underside of the wrist between the thumb and your pulse point, at the end joint of a finger, or at the base of a finger. Most of the time, these are harmless and will often disappear in time.

ETIOLOGY of Ganglion

• Exact cause is not known.
• May be benign tumour of tendon sheath.
• Excessive use of joint.

CLINICAL FEATURES of Ganglion Cyst

Symptoms

• Onset: insidious.
• Cystic swelling gradually appearing at back of wrist.
• Swelling causes mild discomfort during wrist movement.
• Other less common sites are- palm & dorsum of hand.

Signs

On palpitation
• Cystic swelling.
• Tense.
• Non-tender.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT of Ganglion

• Reassurance.
• Immobilization of joint.

Homeopathic Treatment for Ganglion Cyst

Homeopathic Remedies

Carbo veg.

Pulling and acute drawing pains in the forearms, the wrists, and the fingers. Relaxation of the muscles of the arms and of the hands, on laughing. Tension in the joints of the hand, as if they were too short. Cramp-like contraction of the hands.
Heat of the hands, burning in the hands. Icy-cold hands. The tips of the fingers are covered with cold sweat. Paralytic weakness of the wrists and of the fingers, especially on grasping an object. Fine granulated, and itching eruption on the hands. Extremities of the fingers become ulcerated.
Cachectic persons whose vitality has become weakened or exhausted. Persons who have never fully recovered from the exhausting effects of some previous illness. Weakness of memory and slowness of thought.

Causticum

Pains in the arms at night. Drawing pains and acute pulling, in the arms and hands. Convulsive movements and shocks in the arms. Itching and eruptions on the arms. Warts on the arms. Shooting pains in the front part of the arms, from the fingers to the elbow. Paralytic feeling in the right hand. Sensation of Fulness in the hands, on grasping an object. Tearing in right wrist-joint. Drawing pains in the hands, and the joints of the fingers. Spasmodic weakness and trembling of the hands. Paleness and painful torpor of the fingers. Tension of the posterior joints of the fingers when bending them. Contraction and induration of the tendons of the fingers. Itching tetters on the fingers.
Adapted to persons with dark hair and rigid fibre; weakly, psoric, with excessively yellow, sallow complexion; subject to affections of respiratory and urinary tracts.

Phos.

Stiffness in morning on washing, with pressure. Rheumatic tearing (and lancinating pains) in shoulders, arms, and hands (particularly in joints), especially at night. Burning pain in palms of hands and arms, clammy perspiration in palms and on head. Burning pain in hands and arms. Numbness of arms and hands.

Adapted to tall slender persons of sanguine temperament, fair skin, eyelashes, fine blond, or red hair, quick perceptions, and very sensitive nature.

Ruta

Paralytic stiffness of wrist. Wrenching pain or shootings in wrists. Sensation as from a sprain and stiffness in wrist. Bones of wrist and back of hand painful as if bruised when at rest and when moving. Pain in wrist (as from a sprain) on lifting a weight. Numbness and tingling in hands after exertion. Spasmodic contraction of fingers. Swollen veins on hands, after eating.
Ruta suited to Scrofulous exostosis; bruises and other mechanical injuries of bones and periosteum; sprains; periostitis; erysipelas; fractures, and especially dislocations. Bruised lame sensation all over, as after a fall or blow; worse in limbs and joints. All parts of the body upon which he lies are painful, as if bruised. Restless, turns and changes position frequently when lying.

Silicea

Ganglion on wrist. Gnawing, purulent vesicles, with burning in fingers. Tearing, drawing, sticking pain and numbness in fingers, as if suppurating, or as if a panaritium would form. Numb feelings of a finger, as though it were enlarged and the bone swollen. Pain as from a splinter in flexor surface of one finger. Panaritium, especially with vegetations, cries and insupportable pains day and night.- Drawings and tearings in arms, hands and fingers. Heaviness and paralytic weakness of arms, which tremble on least exertion. Numbness of the (fore-) arms when patient is lying upon them or leaning the elbows on a table. Throbbing and jerking of muscles of arm. Paralytic weakness of the forearm, everything is dropped from the hands.

Sulphur

Sprained pain and stiffness in wrist, worse in morning. Ganglion. Swelling of hands and thumbs. Rigidity and wrenching pain in joints of hands and fingers. Trembling of hands, especially when occupied with fine work. Involuntary contraction of hands, as if about to grasp something. Coldness in hands and fingers. Great burning in palms. Perspiration on hands (in the palms) and between the fingers. Desquamation, hardness, dryness, and cracking of skin of hands. Itching vesicles on backs of hands. Cracking and chapping on finger-joints. Burning in balls and tips of fingers. Cramps and jerks in fingers. Contraction of tendons of hands and fingers.

Ankylosing spondylitis

2010-03-02T18:59:00.000+05:30

Ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is one of the many types of arthritis. “Ankylosing” means joining together or stiffening; “spondylitis” means inflammation of the vertebral bones of the spine. Inflammation of the bones in AS can lead to degeneration, pain, and loss of joint motion. AS typically affects the spine but can been seen in other areas, especially the hips. Ankylosing spondylitis can range from a mild to more severe disease in patients. Ankylosing spondylitisis approximately three times more common in males than females. It is usually diagnosed in young adults, with a peak onset between 20 and 30 years of age. Children may also be affected by a form of AS termed “juvenile ankylosing spondylitis”, seen in children younger than 16 years of age. There is evidence suggesting a strong genetic component in the development of the disease.

AS is a type of arthritis of the spine. It causes swelling between vertebrae, which are the disks that make up your spine, and in the joints between spine and pelvis. Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease. This means immune system, which normally protects body from infection, attacks body’s own tissues. The disease is more common and more severe in men. It often runs in families.

Early symptoms include back pain and stiffness. These problems often start in late adolescence or early adulthood. Over time, ankylosing spondylitis can fuse vertebrae together, limiting movement.

ETIOLOGY of Ankylosing Spondylitis

• Exact cause is unknown.
• Evidence points to autoimmune etiology.
• Positive family history.

CLINICAL FEATURES of Ankylosing Spondylitis

Prodorme
• Malaise.
• Tiredness.
• Anorexia.
Symptoms
• Onset: insidious.
• Pain in back, buttocks.
• Morning stiffness, better with activity.
• Weight loss.
• Fatigue.
• No movement possible.
• Gradual involvement of:
1. Whole vertebral column.
2. Hips.
Signs
• Tenderness at sacro-iliac joint.
• Cervical, thoracic spines become tender.
• Restricted movement.
• Patient cannot erect spine.
• Sits, walks with flexed spine.
• Chest expansion diminished.
• Complete rigidity of spine & involved joints.
• Kyphosis (curve in spine).

COMPLICATIONS of Ankylosing Spondylitis

• Aortic incompetence (calcification of valve).
• Recurrent chest infection.
• Atlanto-axial subluxation.

INVESTIGATIONS FOR ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Blood

• Hb% : low.
• ESR: raised.
• HLA-B-27: positive.
• CRP: raised.
• Rheumatoid factor: negative.
• ANA: negative.

X-Ray sacro-iliac joints

Early
• Narrowing of joint space.
• Haziness of joint margins.
• Marginal erosions.
• Marginal sclerosis.
Late
• New bone formation.
• Bridging of joint cavity.

X-Ray vertebral column

• Ossification of spinal, para-spinal ligaments.
• Squaring of vertebrae.
• Ossification of intervertebral discs.
• Bamboo spine (fusion of entire vertebral column).

GENERAL MANAGEMENT for Ankylosing Spondylitis

• Before ankylosis takes place:

1. Provide straight back chair for sitting.
2. Firm bed with one pillow at night.

• Encourage swimming.
• Extension exercises.
• Encourage lying in prone position.
• Stop smoking.

Homeopathic Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis

Homeopathic Remedies

Calc carb.

Pain as if sprained; can scarcely rise; from overlifting. Pain between shoulder-blades, impeding breathing. Rheumatism in lumbar region; weakness in small of back. Curvature of dorsal vertebrae. Nape of neck stiff and rigid.

Calc carb suits to person with Leucophlegmatic constitution, blond hair, light complexion, blue eyes, fair skin; tendency to obesity in youth. Psoric constitutions; pale, weak, timid, easily tired when walking. Disposed to grow fat, corpulent, unwieldy. Children with red face, flabby muscles, who sweat easily and take cold readily in consequence. Large heads and abdomens; fontanelles and sutures open; bones soft, develop very slowly. Curvature of bones, especially spine and long bones; extremities crooked, deformed; bones irregularly developed. Head sweats profusely while sleeping.

Calc phos.

Rheumatic pain and stiffness of neck with dulness of head, from slight drought of air. Cramp-like pain in neck first one side then the other (right to left). Throbbing or jerking pains below scapula. Violent pain in region of back when making the least effort. Backache and uterine pains. Sharp pains in sacrum and coccyx. Soreness as if separate in sacro-illiac synchondrosis. Curvature of the spine to the left, lumbar vertebrae bend to the left, spina bifida. Soreness in sacro-iliac symphysis, as if broken.

Calc phos suits to person with anaemic and dark complexion, dark hair and eyes; thin spare subjects, instead of fat.

Phos acid.

Tension and cramp-like drawing in muscles of neck, especially on moving head. Miliaria on neck. Boring pain between scapulae. Spondylitis of cervical vertebrae. Eruption, painful to touch, on back, shoulder-blades, neck, and chest. Burning pain in a spot above small of back. Itching stitch in coccyx, fine stitches in coccyx and sternum. Crawling (formication) tingling in back and loins.

Phos acid best suited to persons of originally strong constitutions, who have become debilitated by loss of vital fluids.

Phosphorus.

Rigidity of nape of neck. Pressure on shoulders. Swelling of neck. Engorgement of axillary glands and of those of nape of neck and of neck. Paralysed sensation in upper sacrum and lower lumbar vertebrae. Contusive pain in loins and back (as if back were broken), especially after having been seated a long time, hindering walking, rising up, or making the least movement. Pain in small of the back when rising from a stooping position. Sensitiveness of spinous processes of dorsal vertebrae to pressure. Softening of spine. Heat or burning in back, between scapula. Tearings and stitches in and beneath both scapula. Pain in coccyx impeding easy motion, can find no comfortable position, followed by painful stiffness of nape. Coccyx painful to touch as from an ulcer. Transient pain from coccyx though spine to vertex that drew head back during the stool. Backache and palpitations prevail.

Phos best adapted to tall slender persons of sanguine temperament, fair skin, eyelashes, fine blond, or red hair, quick perceptions, and very sensitive nature. Young people who grow too rapidly are inclined to stoop who are chlorotic or anaemic; old people, with morning diarrhoea. Nervous, weak; desires to be magnetized Oversensitiveness of all the senses to external impressions, light, noise, odors, touch. Restless, fidgety; moves continually, cannot sit or stand still a moment Burning: in spots along the spine; between the scapulae; or intense heat running up the back;of palms of hands in chest and lungs; of every organ or tissue of the body generally in diseases of nervous system. Haemorrhage diathesis; small wounds bleed profusely.

Silicea.

Stiffness of nape, with headache. Swelling of glands of nape, in the neck, and under the axillae (with suppuration), sometimes with induration. Suppuration of axillary glands. Caries of clavicle.Stitches between the hips.Coccyx painful, as after a long carriage ride.- Stinging in os coccyges on rising, painful to pressure. -Scabby elevation on coccyx, above fissure of nates.- Pain in the loins, which prevents rising up, and forces patient to remain lying down.- Inflammatory abscess in lumbar region (on the psoas muscle).- Weakness and paralytic stiffness in back, loins, and nape.- Tearings and shootings in the back.- Shootings in the loins, when seated or lying down.-Burning in back when walking in open air and becoming warm.- Aching, shooting, burning, and throbbing in lumbo-sacral region.- Swelling and distortion of spine (curvature of the vertebrae).-Contusive pain between the shoulder-blades.

Silicea best adapted to the nervous, irritable, sanguine temperament; persons of a psoric diathesis. Persons of light complexion; fine dry skin; pale face; weakly, with lax muscles. Constitutions which suffer from deficient nutrition, not because food is lacking in quality or quantity, but from imperfect assimilation. Oversensitive, physically and mentally. Scrofulous, rachitic children with large heads; open fontanelles and sutures; much sweating about the head.

Sulphur.

Stiffness of neck, in nape, with paralytic, sprained pain. Child cannot hold head up neck muscles so weak. Tetters on nape. Swelling and inflammation of glands of nape and of neck.Swelling and suppuration of axillary glands. Cracking in vertebrae of neck, especially on bending backwards. Weakness and wrenching pains, or pain as from a bruise in loins, coccyx, and in back, especially on walking, or rising from a seat. Gnawing pain in small of back. Pain in small of back not permitting one to stand erect. Finds himself at night lying on back. Cannot lie on back on account of rush of blood to head. Pain in back after manual labour. Shootings in loins, back, and shoulder-blades, sometimes with obstructed respiration. Sharp and rheumatic pains, drawing, tension, and stiffness in loins, back,and nape. Pinching and burning sensation between the shoulder-blades. Tension and bruised pain between scapulae and in nape, which on moving head goes to shoulders. Stitches beneath scapulae which take away the breath. Drawing in right scapula, evening on going to sleep. Tearing in left scapula while sitting. Needle-shoots at point of left scapula. Sprained pains in back. During whole day aching in small of back, worse when urinating.Distortion (curvature) of spine. Vertebrae softened. Cracking of vertebrae on bending head backward.

Sulphur Adapted to persons of a scrofulous diathesis, subject to venous congestion; especially of portal system. Persons of nervous temperament, quick motioned, quick tempered, plethoric, skin excessively sensitive to atmospheric changes. For lean, stoop-shouldered persons who walk and sit stooping like old men. Standing is the worst position for sulphur patients; they cannot stand; every standing position is uncomfortable. Dirty, filthy people, prone to skin affections. Aversion to being washed; always <. after a bath.

Symphytum.

Pain in back from a fall, from sexual excess. Pott’s disease after injury. Psoas abscess. Much used among herbalists in caries of spinal and other bones. Symphytum facilitates union of fractured bones; lessens peculiar pricking pain; favors production of callous; when trouble is of nervous origin. Irritability at point of fracture; periosteal pains after wounds have healed.

Corns/Callus

2010-02-23T18:39:00.000+05:30

Corns/Callus

A corn or callus are areas of thickened skin that occur in areas of pressure. They are actually a normal and natural way for the body to protect itself. For example, callus develops on the hand when chopping a lot of wood – its a normal way for the skin to protect itself. In the foot, the skin will thicken up to protect itself when there are areas of high pressure. The problem occurs when the pressure continues, so the skin gets thicker. It eventually becomes painful and is treated as something foreign by the body.

Corns are hyperkeratosis of the skin. This thickening of the surface layer of the skin in response to pressure. Corns usually form on the toes, where the bone is prominent and presses the skin against the shoe, ground, or other bones. As corn becomes thick the tissues under the corn are subject to increased irritation. There may be a deep seated nucleation, this is like a core where the corn is thickest and most painful. As corns become inflamed, there is pain and sometimes swelling and redness. Common places where corns form are; the top surface of the toe, at the tip of the toe, and between the toes.

ETIOLOGY

• Intermittent pressure and friction over prolonged period:

- Ill-fitting foot wear.
- Foot deformity.

CLINICAL FEATURES

ONSET

• Insidious.

LOCATION

• Pressure sites: over heads of first and fifth metatarsal bones, heel.

SYMPTOMS

• Pain in feet or heel on standing or walking.
• Variations in temperature, especially cold, dampness which cause spontaneous pain.

LESION

• Conical papule.
• Extends downwards into skin.
• Localised.
• Flesh coloured.
• Surface smooth.
• Consistency firm.
• Intensely tender.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT for CORNS

• Correct underlying cause.
• Wear well-fitting, comfortable shoes.

HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT of CORNS / CALLUS

• Antimonium crudum.
• Arnica.
• Camphor.
• Ferrum picricum.
• Graphitis.
• Lyco.
• Nat.mur.
• Phytolacca.
• Ran. Scleratus.
• Ruta.
• Silicea.
• Sulphur.
• Thuja.

ANTIM. CRUD.

Corns inflamed, large horny placed on soles of feet close to the toes; thickened skin of soles & feet. Corn on soles & toes. Inflamed corn with great sensitiveness of soles on walking. Aching, stitching pains in corns.
For children and young people inclined to grow fat; for the extremes of life. Old people with morning diarrhoea, suddenly become constipated, or alternate diarrhoea and constipation; pulse hard and rapid. Sensitive to the cold < after taking cold.

ARNICA

Corns on heels and toes. Very sensitive. Very painful, stinging, stitching, smarting pain.
Nervous women, sanguine plethoric persons, lively expression and very red face. For the bad effects resulting from mechanical injuries; even if received years ago.
CAMPHOR

Corns with skin parchment like sore, painful corns which are very sensitive; soreness especially in toe joints and corns.
Pain better while thinking of it. Persons physically and mentally weak and irritable. Exceedingly sensitive to cold air. Bad effects of shock from injury; surface of body cold, face pale, blue, lips livid; profound prostration. Surface cold to touch, yet cannot bear to be covered; throws off all coverings. Entire body painfully sensitive to slightest touch. Tongue cold, flabby, trembling. Sudden attacks of vomiting and diarrhoea; nose cold and pointed; anxious and restless; skin and breath cold. In first stages of cholera morbus and Asiatic cholera; severe, long-lasting chill.

FERR. PICRATE

Corns with yellow discolouration. Multiple corns which are very painful.

GRAPH.

Rough, hard, dry and unhealthy skin. Thin sticky, glutinous discharge. Soreness and aching in corns. Horny skin on toes.
Suited to – Excessive cautiousness; timid, hesitates; unable to decide about anything. Fidgety while sitting at work. Sad, despondent; music makes her weep; thinks of nothing but death.

LYCOPODIUM

Corns that are very sensitive with tearing pain. Skin becomes thick and indurated. Painful callosities on soles, toes and fingers contracted. Inflammation with stitching and soreness.
For persons intellectually keen, but physically weak; upper part of body emaciated, lower part semi-dropsical; predisposed to lung and hepatic affections; especially the extremes of life, children and old people. Deep-seated, progressive, chronic diseases. Pains: aching-pressure, drawing; chiefly right-sided, <. four to eight p.m. affects right side, or pain goes from right to left.

NAT. MUR.

Corns, painful scars. Greasy skin. Boring, tearing and stitching pain. Worse walking and standing.
For the anaemic and cachectic, whether from lots of vital fluids- profuse menses, seminal losses- or mental affections. Great emaciation; losing flesh while living well. Throat and neck of children emaciate rapidly during summer complaint. Great liability to take cold. Irritability: child cross when spoken to; crying from slightest cause; gets into a passion about trifles, especially when consoled with. Awkward , hasty, drops things from nervous weakness. Marked disposition to weep; sad weeping mood, without cause, but consolation from others <. her troubles.

RAN. SCLERATUS

Acute painful corns. Acrid exudation which makes surrounding parts sore. Corns on ball of 1st and 2nd left toes, sensitive to touch and pressure, smart and burn; very painful when letting leg hang down, they also throb and especially painful by flexing toes. Better by extending them, wearing thick soled boot at times. Numbness in corns, knocking toes against anything so as to cause boot to grate against corns, causes great pain and burning.

SILICEA

Inflamed corns with stitching, burning pains. Soreness of soles. Stitches in the corns, jerking up the feet.
Adapted to the nervous, irritable, sanguine temperament; persons of a psoric diathesis. Persons of light complexion; fine dry skin; pale face; weakly, with lax muscles. Constitutions which suffer from deficient nutrition, not because food is lacking in quality or quantity, but from imperfect assimilation; oversensitive, physically and mentally.
SULPHUR

Corns from pressure. If a shoe presses anywhere on the skin, a great corn or bunion develop. Burning, aching, tearing & stitching pain. Desquamation excoriation of the skin.
Adapted to persons of a scrofulous diathesis, subject to venous congestion; especially of portal system. Persons of nervous temperament, quick motioned, quick tempered, plethoric, skin excessively sensitive to atmospheric changes. For lean, stoop-shouldered persons who walk and sit stooping like old men. Standing is the worst position for sulphur patients; they cannot stand; every standing position is uncomfortable. Dirty, filthy people, prone to skin affections. Aversion to being washed; always <. after a bath. Too lazy to rouse himself; too unhappy to live.

Vitiligo / Leucoderma

2010-02-20T18:23:00.000+05:30

Vitiligo / Leucoderma

Vitiligo, also known as leucoderma, is a relatively common skin disorder, in which white spots or patches appear on the skin. These spots are caused by destruction or weakening of the pigment cells in those areas, resulting in the pigment being destroyed or no longer produced. In most cases, vitiligo is believed to be an autoimmune-related disorder. In vitiligo, only the colour of the skin is affected but texture and other skin qualities remain normal. The hair may also turn white that grows in areas affected by vitiligo.

It occurs when the melanocytes, cells responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are unable to function. The precise cause of vitiligo is complex and not fully understood. There is some evidence suggesting it is caused by a combination of auto-immune, genetic, and environmental factors.

CAUSES

· Exact cause is not known.

· Evidence points to autoimmune etiology.

· Genetic predisposition is common.

· Age: onset between 10-30 years.

CLINICAL FEATURES

ONSET

Insidious.

LOCATION

Common sites, to start with, are pressure points, i.e. knuckles, elbows, lips.

SYMPTOMS

Lesion do not itch.

LESION

Start as white localised macules.
Rounded, well defined at onset.
Adjacent lesions coalesce.
As they increase in size, become irregular.
Spread to involve greater parts of the body.
Depigmented lesion is surrounded by area of apparent hyper pigmentation.
No sensory loss in lesion.
Every little trauma heals with depigmentation.
Lesions are hypersensitive to sunlight

DIAGNOSIS

· Clinical.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT

· Reassurance.

· Treat associated disorder.

· If iatrogenic, identify & withdraw offending agent.

· Avoid physical trauma.

· Adequate mental rest.

· Improve general health.

Homeopathic Treatment

Homeopathic Remedies

BOERICKE- SKIN- LEUCODERMA.

Ars.alb.
Ars.sulph.flavum.
Bacillinum.
Graphites.
Merc sol.
Nat.mur.
Nit.acid.
Nux vom.
Phos.
Sep.
Sil.
Sulph.
Thuja.

Bacillinum

The patient is suffer from chronic cold, cough & occasional history of haemoptysis. He has loss in weight, loss of appetite, flat chested young boys & girls, prominent ribs & prominent clavicles. We get history of asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis & even T.B. in patients.

A Maceration of a Typical Tuberculous Lung Mind. Taciturn, sulky, snappish, fretty, irritable, morose, depressed and melancholic even to insanity. Fretful ailing, whines and complaints; mind given to be frightened particularly by dogs.

Graphites

Obese patient with a history of suppressed itch.

Suited to - Excessive cautiousness; timid, hesitates; unable to decide about anything. Fidgety while sitting at work. Sad, despondent; music makes her weep; thinks of nothing but death.

Merc sol.

There is history of dysentery with mucus & blood. Jaundice with liver enlargement. These patients are worst at night with salivation & have a syphilitic miasm. They perspire in bed & do not tolerate too hot or too cold climate.

Nervous affections after suppressed discharges especially in psoric patients. Glandular and scrofulous affections of children.

Nit. Acid

White spots are found at the muco-cutaneus junction. More at the angle of the mouth, eyes, nose, nipples, glans penis, vulva, etc. Along with it, there may be fissure at the same spot. In some of the patients along with this there is a desire for eating chalk, pencils, etc., particularly in children.

Sepia

Best acted in females. Beside the usual white discolouration, these patients have irregular menses either early or late, scanty & painful menses in young girls. Leucorrhoea, prurites, dysparunia, & frigidity is noted. Most of the patients complain of morning sickness along with motion sickness, nausea, vomiting or headache travelling in a car or bus. These patients are not social, they prefer to be alone.

Adapted to persons of dark hair, rigid fibre, but mild and easy decomposition.

Sulphur

There is a history of suppression of skin diseases or any other suppression like suppressed diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice, typhoid & in tropics many other fevers. There is heat in the palms, soles, eyes, anus, vulva, vagina & on the top of the head. Generally hot patient but could be chilly. Irritability & obstinacy is also noted.

Adapted to persons of a scrofulous diathesis, subject to venous congestion; especially of portal system. Persons of nervous temperament, quick motioned, quick tempered, plethoric, skin excessively sensitive to atmospheric changes. For lean, stoop-shouldered persons who walk and sit stooping like old men. Standing is the worst position for sulphur patients; they cannot stand; every standing position is uncomfortable. Dirty, filthy people, prone to skin affections. Aversion to being washed; always <. after a bath.

Thuja

There is history of vaccination. There is dreams of falling, startling in sleep, have warts on face or on the body, with loss of appetite after vaccination. There is history of tuberculosis or respiratory diseases.

Adapted to hydrogenoid constitution of Grauvogl. Acts well in lymphatic temperament, in very fleshy persons, dark complexion, black hair unhealthy skin. Ailments from bad effects of vaccination; from suppressed or maltreated gonorrhoea. Fixed ideas: as if a strange person were at his side; as if soul and body were separated; as if a living animal were in abdomen; of being under the influence of a superior power.

Alopecia or Hairloss

2010-02-16T19:06:00.000+05:30

Alopecia or Hairloss

On an average hair grows about 13 mm a month. They grow more at night than day and faster in summer than winter.Healthy adults normally shed between 50-100 hairs each day.

Causes
1-Hereditary
2-Severe illness
3-High fever
4-Nutritional deficiencies.
5-Scalp infections
6-Stress
7-Certain drugs like cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs and strong anti-biotics
8-Hormonal changes esp. during pregnancy and also after leaving the contraceptive pill.
9-Certain chemicals, like those used to purify swimming pools.
10-Wear and tear of over-grooming.
11-Bleaching. Repeated bleaching with hydrogen peroxide can cause split ends Perming and dyeing. Temporary dyes are not as harmful as permanent dyes which can damage the hair shaft.

Symptoms
Sudden or gradual change in any of the 4 factors : Density,
texture, pattern and colour.
Broken hair or split ends.

Do's and Dont's
1-Recognize signs of stress and identify the causes. At work reduce stress by learning to avoid long hours, not accepting unrealistic demands, setting realistic goals, accepting changes optimistically and not taking workrelated problems home. At home air your grievances, share your problems and regular weekend breaks with the family.
2-Your diet should be balanced in vitamins, minerals and proteins.
3-Avoid using dyes, bleaching and perming hair.
4-Avoid washing your hair too frequently.
5-To avoid split ends snip off the ends cleanly every 2 weeks.
6-Otherwise the split may travel backwards to the root.
7-Avoid tight hair styles or elastic hair bands.
8-Do not use heated, spiked rollers frequently and never hold the hair dryer too close to the scalp. (atleast 15 cms away)
9-Never use sharp combs or brushes.
10-Never brush or comb when the hair is wet and always use a towel to dry it gently.
11-Avoid over-zealous scalp massage or brushing.

Homoeopathic Treatment

#Natrum muriaticum [Nat-m]

Has the symptoms of easy falling out of the hair; it falls out when touched or combed. This is quite frequently seen in nursing home. Carbo vegetabilis has falling of hair after parturition or severe illness. Sepia has losing of hair after chronic headaches.

#Phosphorus [Phos]

Bald spots on the head, which are dry and scaly, are characteristic of Phosphorus. Dandruff, roots of hair get gray and the hair comes out in bunches. Graphites cures bald spots on the sides of the head. The head sweats easily. The most important remedy in alopecia areata.

# Phosphoric acid [Ph-ac]

Falling of hair from general debility. Fluoric acid. Falling of hair from syphilis. As near specific as is possible.Arsenicum. Bald spots near the forehead; the scalp is covered with dry scales.
Vinca minor. Falling of the hair with great itching of the scalp.

CONSTIPATION

2010-02-07T11:45:00.003+05:30

CONSTIPATION

Difficulty in passing or passing too infrequently (once in 2 or 3 days) of stools, which may be hard or eve soft is called constipation.Sometimes there is a lack of urge, an ineffectual urge or a sensation of incomplete stools. Broadly all these can also be termed as constipation

CAUSES

Modern lifestyle (commonest cause nowadays) of not eating enough and drinking less water. Not getting enough exercise. Emotional and psychological problems and eating too much of meat or dairy products.

Chronic abuse of laxatives.

Bottle fed babies.

Pregnancy.

Certain drugs like antacids, iron, calcium, blood pressure medications.

Certain digestive tract disease.

Certain school going children because they are shy to tell the teacher ,which later develops into a habit of ignoring the urge

SYMPTOMS

Stools (every 2 or 3 days).

Difficulty in expelling feces from rectum.

Painful evacuation of feces.

Hard stools.

Blood in stools-suggest fissure, fistula, piles.

Do's and Dont's

High fibre diet or raw food diet is recommended.

Chew food well and never be in an hurry while eating.

Get plenty fibre from-peas, beans, potatoes, raw vegetables, dried fruits and fresh fruits.

Drink plenty of water.

Take regular exercise to condition your stomach and back muscles. This will help for bowel movement.

Bran is good for proper motions however do not rely on bran as a long term cure.

Do not suppress the urge to pass stools.

Make passing stool a regular habit. Sit in the toilet every day at the same time for about 10 minutes, even if you don't have an urge to move your bowels. This will take time but it will surely work. Do this preferably after a meal.

Avoid regular laxatives.

Regular yoga helps bowels movements.

Consult your doctor

You have fever and abdomen pain with constipation.

Blood in stools.

If constipation starts after taking a new treatment.

Homoeopathic Treatment
1-Nux vomica [Nux.v]

Perhaps no remedy in the Materia Medica is oftener prescribed for anything than is Nux vomica for constipation. Nux vomica has peculiar and characteristic indications for constipation, and when prescribed upon these indications it will cure every time. Nothing is surer than this. But Nux vomica is often prescribed when these indications are not present, and often does much good; in this class of cases there will almost invariably be present one of the great clinical indications of the remedy, and that is, its value in antidoting purgative medicines. In many cases of inveterate constipation calling for this,that,and the other remedy, it will be noticed that expected results are not obtained and will not be obtained and will not be obtained until Nux vomica has been given to antidote the effects of drastic medicines. Then the case can be prescribed for, the indications followed, and success result. Another thing about Nux is the fact that while prescribed low, as in the tincture, it will frequently relieve constipation, but to cure it the drug must be given in a much higher potency. Hydrastis is another remedy that is sometimes useful after the abuse of purgatives, laxatives, cathartics and their like. In all these cases, however, the symptoms calling for the respective drug should be present. Hughes claims it to be superior to Nux as usually prescribed. He recommends a drop or two of the tincture in water once daily before breakfast. Hydrastis has a symptom, however, which is quite characteristic, that is a sinking, gone feeling at the epigastrium, which Nux vomica does not have to any extent. The constipation of Nux vomica is usually of the kind induced by lazy habits, inattention to Nature's calls in the first place, want of exercise, sedentary habits, and a sluggish condition of the whole system. It is due not only to inactivity of the whole system. It is due not only to inactivity of the intestines, but to an irregularity of the peristaltic actions, giving rise to the great characteristic, constant ineffectual urging to stool, and when the stool does occur it is incomplete and unsatisfactory, as if a part remained behind. Absence of desire for defecation contra-indicates Nux. Inflammatory symptoms or pain generally contra-indicates. Carbo vegetabilis has urging, but it is due to wind, while Opium and Bryonia have no urging at all. According to d'Espiney, the physical signs of this inharmonious intestinal action can be felt by palpating the abdominal walls. Anacardium resembles Nux vomica in many ways. It has a sensation of a plug in the rectum which cannot be expelled. There is a fitful intestinal activity, but withal a powerlessness of the rectum. Even soft stools are expelled with difficulty. Small quantities may be expelled with each attempt. The mental symptoms of Nux are important in treating constipation, for the effect that constipation has upon the minds of some people is well known. In cases indicating Nux vomica there will be a great crossness, irascibility and objection to all opposition. The Nux stool is also apt to be large, and haemorrhoids are a frequent accompaniment. We may sum up Nux vomica by calling again the attention to the mental characteristics, the sedentary temperament,the fitful intestinal action and its antidotal relation to purgative drugs. Dr. Cartier,of Paris, well says: "Nux vomica should never be given in constipation according to the law of similars in the low attenuations, or in the mother tincture. An opposite effect will be produced thereby, an augmentation of the spasmodic state of the intestines; the higher the dilution the better the chance success. Nor should it be too often repeated."

#Sulphur [Sulph]

Many of the older homoeopaths used to give Sulphur and Nux vomica in alteration for constipation. They complement each other, follow each other well, but better results will be obtained if each be given singly when indicated; for, surely, both cannot be indicated at once. With Sulphur there is an ineffectual urging to stool, with a sensation of heat and discomfort in the rectum , and there is a general uneasy feeling all through the intestinal tract, due to abdominal plethora or passive portal congestion. It is very useful remedy with which to commence the treatment of constipation, though, unless the symptoms call for it, it should not be given. A bad constitution and frequent ill health are good indications to start with, a tendency to piles is another. The stools are hard, dark, dry, and expelled with great straining, the first effort to stool being extremely painful. There is apt to be much twitching and burning of the anus, the evacuation are often unsatisfactory, and, as in Nux, there is often a sensation as if a part remained behind. Another characteristic symptom of Sulphur is constipation alternating with diarrhoea. The general temperament of the drug has much to do with its choice; in fact, almost all of the indications for its use will be the general ones . The general venous system is usually at fault in true Sulphur cases, and anything that stimulates this system into action, such as exercise and cold, always benefits the Sulphur patient. Sulphur needs to be given high and n continued for any length of time .

#Opium [Op]

While the constipation of Nux is due to irregularity of intestinal action, that of Opium is due to absolute inaction of the intestines, a regular paralysis of the peristaltic movement. There is an absence of desire, absolutely no urging to stool whatever, and so the faeces become impacted in the bowels; and when passed at all come in little, hard, dry, black balls, here resembling the stool of Plumbum , but with Plumbum there is some activity. Another drug which has no urging to stool is Bryonia, but here the lack of urging is rather due to dryness of the mucous membrane than to intestinal inactivity; with Opium there is a want of sensibility throughout the intestinal tract, and consequently the constipation is not apt to inconvenience the patient, hence it is apt to go on getting worse until the attention is called to it by the flatus accumulating in the upper part of the intestines. Where the faeces require artificial means for their removal, this remedy should be thought of, though Selenium, Alumina, Plumbum or Bryonia may be used in this condition. Diminished secretions are also characteristic of Opium , so that dryness intestinal inactivity, is one of the causes of constipation of old people; the patient is drowsy and dizzy.

#Plumbum [Plumb]

As we have already seen, with Plumbum there is some intestinal action; in fact, at times there is considerable. Lead colic is one of the effects of the drug. So we have urging to stool, and accompanying this urging is a colic with a marked retraction of the abdominal walls. The stool is passed with the greatest difficulty and consists of little round balls, which are black, dry and hard, and there is accompanying, a marked spasm of the sphincter ani which is apt to be painful. The anus feels as if drawn upward. With this drug there is loss of muscular activity and diminished secretion of intestinal glands. Thus we see that the indications for Plumbum in constipation are concise and precise.

#Alumina [Alum]

Chief among remedies for constipation due to dryness of the intestinal tract stands Alumina. There is diminished peristaltic movement and complete inertia of the rectum, so that we have the symptom, soft stool expelled with difficulty, explained. There is little or no urging to stool. The stools may be hard and knotty like sheep dung, or may be soft. It is one of our most useful remedies in constipation of children where the rectum is dry, inflamed and bleeding about the orifice. Alumina differs from Bryonia chiefly in the state of rectal inactivity. A dry mouth and an irritated looking tongue may lead to the selection of Alumina. There is much straining with the remedy and the stool is passed in very small quantities , piecemeal, so to speak. If the characteristics of Alumina are prominent in a given case, they may be due to the use of aluminum ware in cooking. Even Spring water boiled in an aluminum pot will deposit a white sediment on cooling.

#Bryonia [Bry]

The large-hard-dry-stool-as-if-burnt of Bryonia is familiar to all of our Medical School. The constipation of the drug is due to dryness and there is no urging. Alumina is similar; its constipation is also due to dryness, but it has such complete inactivity of the rectum that even a soft stool is expelled with difficulty. With Bryonia the stools are passed with a great deal of difficulty, owing to an atony of the intestines similar to Veratrum album and Opium. Nux, as we have seen, produces and cures constipation due to fitful, irregular, peristaltic action. Bryonia cures constipation where not only the intestinal secretions are diminished, but the muscular action as well. Constipation in young children, according to Hughes, is frequently cured by Bryonia 30th. It is said to act better in rheumatic subjects and in summer. The mental condition of irritability and ill-humor will often be present as a concomitant of the Bryonia constipation. Older writers alternated Bryonia and Nux vomica with success in very obstinate cases.

#Natrum muriaticum [Nat-m]

All the muriates have crumbly stools, and so we find that the characteristic constipated stool of Natrum muriaticum is a hard and crumbly one; the rectum is dry, the stool is hard to expel and causes bleeding, smarting and soreness in the rectum. There is ineffectual urging to stool,with stitches in the rectum. It sometimes comes in the most obstinate cases, which are accompanied by hypochondriasis. Magnesia muriatica, another of the muriates, has characteristically a constipation in which the stools are passed with great difficulty, being composed of hard lumps like sheep dung, which are so dry that they crumble as they pass the anus. Ammonium muriaticum has this same symptom of dry and crumbly stools, they may also be coated externally with mucus. In constipation of young people who are subjected to acne and comedos, Natrum muriaticum should be thought of.

#Lycopodium [Lyc]

Like Nux, Lycopodium has a sensation after stool as if something remained behind. Constipation, due to constriction of the rectum, calls for this remedy, and here it reminds one of Silicea. The constipation , too, is apt to be associated with the stool. The stools are dry and hard, or the first part hard, the last soft. In the constipation of children and pregnant women it often finds a place, and it is here praised by Hartmann. A great deal of rumbling in the abdomen following the stool is an additional indication. Nux and Lycopodium may be easily distinguished , though each has ineffectual urging to stool. In Nux, as ,we have seen, this is due to irregular peristaltic action, while with Lycopodium it is due to a constriction of the rectum. The mental symptoms here, too, are of the utmost importance; the depression, the melancholy and the apprehension are characteristic.

#Graphites [Graph]

Graphites is one of our best remedies in constipation, if Homoeopathy can be said to have "best remedies". With this drug there is no urging. The patient sometimes goes days without a stool, and when it does come it is composed of little round balls, knotted together with shreds of mucus and accompanied with great pain when passing, owing to the fissure. These fissures, as well as the haemorrhoids which accompany them, burn, smart and itch intolerably. Excessive soreness of the anus in making the post defecation toilet is an indication for its use. Three or four remedies are usually to be thought of in this condition of fissure of the anus; they are: Silicea, Nitric acid, Paeonia and Ratanhia; these, with Graphites, will remove in most cases the underlying disease leading tothe fissure. Aching of the anus after stool is also characteristic of Graphites, and sometimes we have with the drug ineffectual urging. The mucus-coated stool, the extreme soreness of the anus, the general Graphites temperament of sadness and obesity, will easily decide for the remedy. Graphites suits especially women who suffer from a neglect to attend promptly to nature's call.

#Silicea [Sil]

When constipation is due to inefficient expulsive force of the rectum and a spasmodic condition of the sphincter then Silicea is our remedy. With this condition we have a condition where the sphincter suddenly contracts and the partially expelled stool recedes. Causticum has constipation due to powerlessness of the rectum, so that the patient almost stands in order to enable him to get sufficient power to expel the stool, but the spasmodic condition of Silicea is absent. As with Graphites, Silicea has a great deal of soreness about the anus, also an oozing of moisture. There is urging to stool and a sensation as if faeces remained in the rectum.

Chilblains

2010-01-24T11:46:00.000+05:30

Chilblains

Also known as pernio or perniosis, a chilblain is an abnormal skin reaction to cold or damp weather in humid climates. It is painful swelling that also has red, burning and itching feelings that are intensified when coming in from the cold. Chilblains is a medical condition that is often confused with frostbite and trench foot. Chilblains are acral ulcers (that is, ulcers affecting the extremities) that occur when a predisposed individual is exposed to cold and humidity. The cold exposure damages capillary beds in the skin, which in turn can cause redness, itching, blisters, and inflammation. The skin may also break down over the swelling which may become infected. The toes, fingers, nose and ears are most common areas for appearance. Chilblains are often idiopathic in origin but can be manifestations of serious medical conditions that need to be investigated.

ETIOLOGY

EXTERNAL CAUSE

• Cold.

PREDISPOSING CAUSES

• Poor peripheral circulation.
• Poor general health.
• Vasomotor irritability.
• Constitution:
o Fat, phlegmatic subject.
o Thin, highly strung, nervous subjects.

WEATHER

• Common in winters.

SEX

• Common in females.

CLINICAL FEATURES of Chilblains

ONSET

• Acute.

LOCATION

• Toes, fingures, ears, tip of nose.

Symptoms

• Ulceration of the digits and toes.
• Red nose.
• Skin redness.
• Toe skin inflammation.
• Finger skin inflammation.
• Earlobe inflammation.
• Intense, distressing itching and burning pain.
• Worse from sudden change from cold to hot atmosphere.

LESION

• Parts become dusky red, cold.
• Bilaterally symmetrical.
• Oedema of affected parts.
• Heals with change of weather.
• Mild desquamation occurs at site of lesion.
• Brownish mark left on resolution.

COMPLICATIONS

• Ulceration.

General management

• Avoid exposure to cold.
• Keep feet, hands warm by wearing warm shoes & gloves.
• Improve general health.
• Wash hands with warm water.
• Thorough drying after washing.

Prevention of Chilblains

Exposure

• Avoid rapid changes in temperature.
• Wear gloves or socks.
• Use warm footwear.
• Keep area warm.
• Avoid scratching.
• Keep hands and feet warm.

Dietary

• Healthy diet.
• Exercise.
• High doses of vitamin K.
• Avoid alcohol before going out in snow.

HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT

• Abrotanum.
• Agaricus.
• Borax.
• Calendula.
• Heper sulph.
• Lachesis.
• Petroleum.
• Rhus-ven.
• Sulphur.

ABROTANUM

The characteristic is sensation of itching in the lesion. Loose & flabby skin. Skin becomes purplish after suppression of eruptions. This is especially indicated in persons with tendency towards marasmus. In general worse by cold air, wet weather.
Alternate constipation and diarrhoea: lienteria. Marasmus of children with marked emaciation, especially of legs; the skin is flabby and hangs loose in folds.

AGARICUS

Burning, itching, redness & swelling as if frozen. Itching change place on scratching. Pricking as from needles. Chilblains more painful during cold weather, freezing air. Worse after alcohol.
Persons with light hair; skin and muscles lax. Old people, with weak, indolent circulation. Drunkards, especially for their headaches; bad effects after a debauch. Delirium: with constant raving; tries to get out of bed; in typhoid or typhus. Headache: of those who readily become delirious in fever or with pain; of persons subject to chorea, twitchings or grimaces; from spinal affections. Chilblains, that itch and burn intolerably; frostbite and all consequences of exposure to cold, especially in face.

BORAX

Extreme dryness of the skin. Withered, witted, wrinkled skin. Tendency to develop whitish pimples with red areola. Slightest injury suppurates. Dread of downward motion in nearly all complaints.

CALENDULA

Tendency to develop chilblains after an injury with formation of ulcers with excessive secretion of pus. The surrounding part is red. The pain in the chilblains tend to become worse at night.
Traumatic affections: to secure union by first intention and prevent suppuration. In all cases of loss of soft parts when union cannot be effected by means of adhesive plaster. External wounds with or without loss of substance; torn and jagged looking wounds; post-surgical operations; to promote healthy granulation and prevent excessive suppuration and disfiguring scars. Traumatic and idiopathic neuroma; neuritis from lacerated wounds; exhausted from loss of blood and excessive pain. Rupture of muscles or tendons; lacerations during labor; wounds penetrating articulations with loss of synovial fluids. Wounds: with sudden pain during febrile heat; constitutional tendency to erysipelas; old, neglected, offensive, threatening gangrene.

HEPER SULPH.

The skin is extremely sensitive tocold air. Tendency to develop deep cracks with chilblains. Better by warm application, warm wraps & heat. Worse in cold air, winter & cold application. Easy suppuration developing in chilblains.
For torpid lymphatic constitutions; persons with light hair and complexion, slow to act, muscles soft and flabby. The slightest injury causes suppuration. Diseases where the system has been injured by the abuse of Mercury. In diseases where suppuration seems inevitable, Hepar may open the abscess and hasten the cure. Oversensitive, physically and mentally; the slightest cause irritates him; quick, hasty speech and hasty drinking. Patient is peevish, angry at the least trifle; hypochondriacal; unreasonably anxious. Extremely sensitive to cold air, imagines he can feel the air if a door is opened in the next room; must be wrapped up to the face even in hot weather; cannot bear to be uncovered; takes cold from slightest exposure to fresh air.

LACHESIS

Chilblain with bluish-red or bluish-black discoloration round it. Chilblains tends to develop ulceration leading to gangrene. Severe burning sensation worse at night & during sleep. Chilblains are very sensitive to touch. Chilblains bleed easily & copiously. Severe excoriation of the affected part.
Persons of a less melancholy temperament, dark eyes, and a disposition to low spirits and indolence. Women of choleric temperament, with freckles and red hair. Better adapted to thin and emaciated than to fleshy persons; to those who have been changed, both mentally and physically, by their illness.

PETROLEUM

Itching chilblains with chapped hands & feet. Slightest injury on the chilblains tends to suppurate. Severe excoriation of the affected part. Itching sensation & from it moist discharge comes out which is very acrid. In general there is aggravation of symptoms from warmth of bed.
Adapted to persons with light hair and skin; irritable, quarrelsome disposition; easily offended at trifles; vexed at everything. Ailments: from riding in a carriage, railroad car, or in a ship. Ailments which are worse before and during a thunderstorm. Symptoms appear and disappear rapidly. During sleep or delirium: imagines that one leg is double; that another person lies along side of him in same bed; that there are two babies in the bed. Vertigo on rising; in occiput as if intoxicated; like seasickness.

RHUS-VEN.

Chilblains with severe burning sensation. The affected parts looks red, indurated & swollen. Formation of deep corroding, phagadenic ulcers with offensive discharge. Itching is worse by warmth & better by cold.

SULPHUR

Voluptuous itching sensation. Burning sensation sensitive to air & wind & washing. Chilblains alternate with various other bodily complaints. Skin is dry rough chapped. Offensive odour of skin, worse at night in bed, scratching & washing.
Adapted to persons of a scrofulous diathesis, subject to venous congestion; especially of portal system. Persons of nervous temperament, quick motioned, quick tempered, plethoric, skin excessively sensitive to atmospheric changes. For lean, stoop-shouldered persons who walk and sit stooping like old men. Standing is the worst position for sulphur patients; they cannot stand; every standing position is uncomfortable. Dirty, filthy people, prone to skin affections. Aversion to being washed; always <. after a bath.

Chicken pox

2010-01-15T10:24:00.010+05:30

Chicken pox: Cause,Signs,Symtoms,Treatment & Cure

Chicken Pox, also called varicella, contagious viral disease that affects mainly children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 4 million people develop chicken pox each year, and more than 95 percent of Americans will have had chicken pox by the time they reach adulthood.

Chicken pox - CAUSE

Chicken pox is caused by varicella-zoster virus, a type of herpes virus. The virus spreads through the air via infected droplets emitted from the nose or mouth while coughing or sneezing. Touching the fluid from a chicken pox blister can also spread the disease. Chicken pox is contagious for approximately seven days during a person’s period of infection. Contagiousness begins about two days before symptoms appear and continues until all blisters have formed scabs. Doctors recommend keeping the infected person isolated from others during those seven days.

Chicken Pox: Sign and Symptoms

Typically, chicken pox begins with a low fever, headache, rash, and a general feeling of sickness, or malaise. The rash, which usually covers the face, scalp, and trunk of the body, starts as red bumps but quickly develops into small blisters.
The rash and the blisters are extremely itchy. As the disease progresses, the blisters break open and form scabs, which fall off after about one to two weeks. The incubation period—the time between initial infection and the first appearance of symptoms—is approximately two weeks.

Chicken pox - TREATMENT & HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES

Antim tart., Rhus tox, Kali mur., Pulsatilla, Aconite, Ars-alb, Apis, Belladona, Sulphur etc are known to work in cases of chickenpox.

Chicken pox - CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

Treatment of chicken pox is usually limited to bed rest, acetaminophen for relief of fever and discomfort, and measures that soothe the itching, including lukewarm baths and application of topical medicines such as calamine lotion. Excessive scratching can cause infection of blisters, which can lead to scarring. Acyclovir, an antiviral drug, is used to treat severe cases of chicken pox, particularly in patients with a weakened immune system.

REFERENCE WORKS

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed, McGraw-Hill

Davidson's Principles and Practise of Medicine, 17th ed, 1996, Churchill Livingstone

New Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica & Repertory, William Boericke, 2nd revised ed., 2001, B. Jain

Chikungunya

2010-01-06T18:42:00.002+05:30

Chikungunya Chikungunya (also called as Chicken Guinea) is a form of viral fever caused by an alphavirus that is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti mosquito, though recent research by the Pasteur Institute in Paris claims the virus has suffered a mutation that enables it to be transmitted by Aedes Albopictus (Tiger mosquito). This was the cause of the actual plague in the Indian Ocean and a threat to the mediterranean coast at present. The name is derived from the Makonde word meaning "that which bends up" in reference to the stooped posture developed as a result of the arthritic symptoms of the disease. Chikungunya - CAUSE Alphavirus that is spread by mosquito bites from the Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus mosquitos. CHARACTERISTICS: Togaviridae (formerly group A arboviruses), genus Alphavirus; spherical, enveloped virions 60 nm in diameter, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome PATHOGENICITY: Self limiting febrile viral disease; characterized by arthralgia or arthritis typically in the knee, ankle and small joints of the extremities, high fever, followed by a maculopapular rash; buccal and palatal enanthema can occur; nausea and vomiting may occur; mild hemorrhaging may be present especially in children; inapperent infections are common, immunity is long lasting EPIDEMIOLOGY: Found in Africa, India, south east Asia and the Philippines HOST RANGE: Humans, primates, other mammals, birds Chikungunya - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The primary symptoms of Chikungunya include - Fever which can reach 39°C, (102.2 °F) A petechial or maculopapular rash usually involving the limbs and trunk Arthralgia (bodyache) or arthritis affecting multiple joints which can be debilitating. The joint pains can be severe and even crippling. There can also be headache, conjunctival infection and slight photophobia. Fever typically lasts for two days and abruptly comes down, however joint pain, intense headache, insomnia and an extreme degree of prostration lasts for a variable period, usually for about 5 to 7 days. Dermatological manifestations observed in a recent outbreak of Chikungunya fever in Southern India includes the following: Maculopapular rash Nasal blotchy erythema Freckle-like pigmentation over centro-facial area Flagellate pigmentation on face and extremities Lichenoid eruption and hyperpigmentation in photodistributed areas Multiple aphthous-like ulcers over scrotum, crural areas and axilla. Lympoedema in acral distribution (bilateral /unilateral) Multiple ecchymotic spots (Children) Vesiculobullous lesions (infants) Subungual hemorrhage Chikungunya - HOW DIAGNOSIS IS DONE? Detection of antigens or antibody to the agent in the blood (serology) ELISA is available An IgM capture ELISA is necessary to distinguish the disease from dengue fever. Chikungunya - HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT Homeopathy offers many medicines which may help in Chikungunya. These include medicines like Eupatorium-perf, Pyroginum, Rhus-tox, Cedron, Influenzinum, China, Arnica, Belladona, Bryonia etc. Many homeopaths consider Eupatorium perf. as a preventive medicine for Chikungunya. The most commonly suggested potency as prophylaxis is 200C of Eupatorium perf. Eupatorium Perfoliatum Q (tincture, 3 to 5 drop dose)will remove the debilitating joint pains and cut short the intensity and duration of the disease. Other potencies may be used according to the intensity of the case. Chikungunya - CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT No vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for chikungunya fever is available. Treatment is symptomatic--rest, fluids, and ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or paracetamol may relieve symptoms of fever and aching. Aspirin should be avoided Infected persons should be protected from further mosquito exposure (staying indoors and/or under a mosquito net during the first few days of illness) so that they can't contribute to the transmission cycle.


Homeopathic Treatment requires strict individualization. Please do not take any medicine without consulting your physician/homeopath. Read full Disclaimer.

Asthma

2010-01-01T17:40:00.001+05:30

Asthma

The word 'asthma' is derived from the Greek meaning ' panting' or 'labored breathing'. Asthma is a condition characterized by a paroxysmal wheezing dyspnoea (difficulty in breathing), mainly expiratory.

Causes of Asthma

According to the etiology, bronchial asthma is divided in the following groups:

1. Allergic (extrinsic/ atopic) - This type of asthma usually starts in childhood and is often preceded by eczema. But most of the young adults (<35 yrs) developing asthma also fall in this category. Genetic factors also play a significant role i this. In this type of asthma the allergen leads to production of excessive (IgE) immunoglobulins.

2. Infective or Intrinsic - This is not hereditary or allergic, but may be caused by, or at least associated with upper respiratory tract or bronchial infection which is usually viral.

3. Psychological factors (like anxiety, emotional stress etc) are often considered to be the sole cause of some asthmatic attacks, but it is still not certain whether it can be the sole cause or is only a precipitating factor.

4. Occupational asthma - This can occur in certain industries in which there is exposure to metallic dusts (esp. platinum salts), biological detergents, toluene diisocyanate, polyurethane, flour and dust from grains etc.

Asthma - MECHANISM - WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS?
What ever may be the cause, it ultimately leads to paroxysms of bronchial obstruction produced by widespread bronchial spasm accentuated by plugging of the bronchi with excessive mucus.

Asthma - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Recurrent episode of paroxysmal dyspnoea (difficulty in breathing)
The breathing is laboured, with a wheezing sound, mainly on expiration.
Asthma attacks often occur in the early hours of morning (when there is no immediate precipitating cause). During the attack patients often prefers to sit then lie down.

Asthma - HOW DIAGNOSIS IS DONE?
Diagnosis can usually be made clinically by a competent doctor. Allergen sensitivity tests, X-ray, spirometry, sputum and blood tests etc may be of use in finding the cause and severity of the condition.

Asthma - WHAT TO DIFFERENTIATE FROM?

Bronchitis
Cardiac asthma
Renal asthma
Isolated attacks of non-paroxysmal dyspnoea.

Asthma - COMPLICATIONS

Apart from chronicity, usually no complications.
Pneumothorax, emphysema, or areas of consolidation or pulmonary collapse may occur in very advanced cases.

Homoeopathy

Homeopathic Treatment for Asthma

Homeopathy treats the person as a whole. It means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. The homeopathic medicines are selected after a full individualizing examination and case-analysis, which includes the medical history of the patient, physical and mental constitution etc.
General Approach - As far as I know homeopathy is the only system of medicine which tries to 'cure' this disease, instead of trying to provide symptomatic relief. While dealing with a case of asthma, a homeopath not only records the symptoms of the disease but also studies the medical history, family history, physical and psychological characteristics of a person. This helps to find the cause, the precipitating factors, and the hereditary tendency etc. Of special interest to a homeopath is the history of suppression of skin disease. Homeopaths believe that when there is a tendency or predisposition for a disease - it first manifests on the less vital organs, towards the periphery (like skin). If this manifestation is suppressed than the disease shifts inwards, towards the more vital organs (like lungs, heart, brain etc).
The fact that in children asthma is often preceded by eczema is observed by the allopaths also. This fact is written in all their textbooks of medicine. They say that children often 'move-out' of eczema and 'move-into' asthma. But they are unable to make a correlation. Homeopaths believe that the suppression of eczema with topical preparations, does not cure the disease/sensitivity of the person, it merely drives it inwards.
Now after ascertaining the symptoms and the cause, the homeopath tries to find a medicine which matches the symptoms as well as the general characteristics of the person. The medicine so selected is administered to the patient.
It is often (not necessarily) observed by homeopaths that when a right medicine is given, the asthma disappears but the old eczema (if it was there originally) reappears for some time, before finally disappearing itself. This reappearance of old symptoms is seen as a reversal of disease process and is considered a very good prognostic sign by homeopaths.
Following homeopathic medicines have been found effective in many cases of Asthma:
MEDICINES - There are lots of medicines in homeopathy for asthma and it is not possible to list them all here. Some of the common medicines are ars-alb, ipecac, lachesis, pulsatilla, spongia, sulphur, ignatia, antim-tart, hepar-sulph, nat-sulph, tuberculinum etc. The selection of medicine varies from patient to patient.
Acalypha indica: Cough with bloody expectoration; sometimes violent dry cough precedes the expectoration.

Ailantheus glandulosa: Deep dry and hacking cough, with asthmatic expansion of lungs; cough with headache and congestion of face.

Aletris farinosa: Short, dry and tickling cough worse on waking and talking; discharge of urine during cough; cough suddenly relieved by menstruation.

Aralia racemosa: Cough associated with constriction of chest, worse lying down, after the first sleep, has to sit up and cough violently; asthma, with oppression as from a weight on stomach, worse night on lying down, better by raising a little tough mucus.

Asarium europaeum: Frequent cough followed by difficult breathing; cough caused by deep inspiration.

Blatta orientalis: Asthma associated with bronchitis, suitable for fatty people, cough associated with dyspnoea.

Blumea odorata: Barking like cough controls hoarseness due to cough.

Boerhavia diffusa: Indicated for dry cough as well as cough with whitish thick expectoration.

Ephedra vulgaris: Mother tincture is used to control asthmatic attack; in reduced doses it is also helpful in pulmonary heart disease.

Glycyrrhiza glabra: Used as expectorant; prevents recurrent respiratory infections.

Grindelia: Tenacious mucous difficult to detach.

Justicia adhatoda: Violent cough with tough expectoration and tightness of chest; great fear of suffocation; usually cough associated with vomiting.

Pothos foetiduS: Asthma worse from any inhalation of dust. Rumex crispus: Cough usually with headache; worse eating, in the evening and on lying down

Asthma - CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT
Bronchodilators, anti-allergic drugs, and corticosteroids are commonly used to provide symptomatic relief.

Asthma - Lifestyle & General Management

Avoid the allergen you are sensitive to.
Do regular light exercise like brisk walking or jogging. Heavy exercise can precipitate an attack of asthma, so always do mild exercise without putting too much strain on your body.
Learn breathing exercises to improve your lung capacity. Of especial use is 'pranayam', a yoga exercise.
Learn some stress relieving exercises, meditation, or yoga to minimize the psychological factors related to disease.
Eat healthy, nourishing and well balanced diet.

बेहद स्वास्थ्यवर्धक है धान के छिलके का तेल

2009-12-31T18:03:00.001+05:30

बेहद स्वास्थ्यवर्धक है धान के छिलके का तेल

25 दिसंबर 2009
वार्ता

नयी दिल्ली। मोटापा और कोलेस्ट्राल बढने के डर से तली चटपटी चीजों को देखकर मन मसोसकर रह जाने वाले अब धान के छिलके के तेल की वजह से मन पसंद व्यंजनों का लुफ्त उठा सकेंगे।

"अमेरिकन जरनल आफ क्लीनिकल न्यूट्रीशिन" में प्रकाशित एक रिपोर्ट में बताया गया है कि धान के छिलके का तेल व्यस्कों में कोलेस्ट्राल को कम करता है। नियंत्रित खुराक के साथ धान के तेल में बने खाद्य पदार्थों के सेवन से कुल कोलेस्ट्राल का स्तर विशिष्ट रप से कम होता है। इसके अलावा इस तेल के सेवन से हानिकारक एलडीएल कोलेस्ट्राल सात प्रतिशत क घट जाता है. जबकि एचडीएल कोलेस्ट्राल में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता।

विश्व स्वाथ्य संगठन (डब्ल्यू एच ओ) के मुताबिक सैचुरेटिड फैट ऐसिड मोनो अनसैचुरेटिड फैटी ऐसिड पाली अनसैचुरेटिड फैटी ऐसिड के बीच अनुपात 1.1- 5.1 होना चाहिए। विशेषग्यों का कहना है कि धान का तेल डब्ल्यू एच ओ की सिफारिशों पर ही नहीं बल्कि अन्य तेलों की तुलना में भी कहीं ज्यादा खरा उतरता है।

लंबे अर्से से भारत में स्नैक्स को पोंष्टिकता के आधार पर नहीं बल्कि स्वाद के आधार पर ही पसंद किया जाता है। इस पसंद में सेहत को हमेशा दूसरा सथान मिलता था लेकिन आज ज्यादातर लोग कुछ भी खाने में विश्वास नहीं रखते और समझदारी से खाद्य पदार्थों का चयन करते हैं।
विशेषग्यों का कहना है कि हमारे स्नैक्स अधिकतर सैचुरेटिड फैट या ट्रांस फैट युक्त तेल में तले जाते हैं। इस प्रकार की वसा रक्त में कोलेस्ट्राल के स्तर को बढाती है जो दिल के रोगों का सबसे बडा कारण है। यदि आप 20 से 30 वर्ष के बीच हैं तनाव भरे माहौल में काम कर रहे हैं और अस्वाथ्यकर तेल में बने स्नैक्स भी खाने के शौकीन हैं तो चौकन्ना हो जाइए क्योंकि हो सकता हो कि इन सब का दंश आपका दिल चुपचाप सह रहा हो।

धान के तेल में बने स्नैक्स में सैचुरेटिड फैटी ऐसिड अन्य स्नैक्स के मुकाबले काफी कम यानी करीब 40 प्रतिशत तक कम हो जाते हैं क्योंकि धान के छिलके के तेल से बने स्नैक्स मोनो सोडियम ग्लूटामेट (एमएसजी) से मुक्त होते हैं जो मोटापे का प्रमुख कारण हैं।

उनका कहना है कि "स्नैकिंग" यानी दोपहर और रात्रि के भोजन के बीच में कुछ हल्का खाना आमतौर पर लोग न सिर्फ पसंद करते हैं बल्कि एसा करना जरूरी भी है। स्नैकिंग से भोजन के अंतराल में ऊर्जा का स्तर बना रहता है जिससे दिन बढने के साथ साथ ऊर्जा में कमी नहीं होती। स्नैकिंग से ज्यादा खाने से भी बचाव होता है क्योंकि ज्यादा खाने से ही मोटापा की समस्याएं झेलनी पड सकती हैं।

धान के छिलके के तेल को जैतून के तेल का भारतीय संस्करण कहा जाता है। जैतून के तेल को कम ट्रांस फैट वाला स्वास्थ्यकर तेल कहा जाता है जिसमें लगभग सभी जरूरी फैटी ऐसिड और नान फैटी ऐसिड अवयव होते हैं जिनके सेहत पर लाभदायक प्रभाव होते हैं।

सेहत के लिए धान के तेल के अन्य फायदों में शामिल हैं शरीर के फ्री रैडिकल्स से लड कर बढती उम्र के असर को कम करना। काबिले गौर है कि फ्री रेडिकल्स वे रसायन हैं जो उम्र बढने के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं।

शक्तिशाली ऐंटीआक्सीडेंट की वजह से धान का तेल अन्य तेलों के मुकाबले कहीं अधिक पक्की आक्सीकरण रोधी स्थिरता प्रदान करता है। इस वजह से स्नैक्स के दीर्घकालीन सेवन के लिए यह तेल एक आदर्श विकल्प है क्योंकि इससे बने स्नैक्स में लंबे समय तक पौष्टिकता बनी रहती है। यानी यदि आप आज एक पैकेट खोलते हैं तो दो दिनों के बाद भी उसके स्वाद एवं पौष्टिकता में कोई कमी नहीं आएगी।

Peptic Ulcers

2009-12-28T10:34:00.003+05:30

Peptic Ulcers

The term peptic ulcer usually refers to an ulcer in the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.

Peptic Ulcers - CAUSE
1. Heredity - Patients with peptic ulcer often have a family history of the disease, this is particularly so with duodenal ulcers which develop below the age of 20 years. The relatives of chronic ulcer patients have three times the expected number of ulcers.
2. Helicobacter pylori - This is the most important etiological factor in peptic ulcer disease, accounting for 90% of duodenal ulcers and 70% of gastric ulcers. By causing gastritis it reduces the resistance of the gastric mucosa to attack be acid and pepsin and a gastric ulcer may result.
3. Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) - These damage the gastric mucosal barrier and are an important etiological factor in up to 30% of gastric ulcers.
4. Smoking - confers an increased risk of gastric ulcer and to a lesser extent duodenal ulcer.

Peptic Ulcers - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Abdominal pain - Pain is referred to the epigastrium and is often so sharply localized that the patient can indicate its site with tow or three fingers - the 'pointing sign'
Hunger pain - Pain occurs intermittently during the day, often when the stomach is empty, so that the patient identifies it as 'hunger pain' and obtains relief be eating.
Night pain - Pain wakes the patient from sleep and may be relieved by food, a drink of milk or antacids. This symptoms if found, is virtually pathognomonic of peptic ulcer disease..
Episodic pain/ Periodicity - Characteristically pain occurs in 'on again/off again' episodes, lasting one to three times a week at a time, three to four times in a year. In temperate climates seasonal variation may be noted with an increased frequency of symptoms during winter and spring.
Other symptoms -

Waterbarsh
Heartburn
Loss of appetite
Vomiting

Peptic Ulcers - HOW DIAGNOSIS IS DONE?

Endoscopy is the preferred method.
Double contrast barium meal examination may be done.

Peptic Ulcers - COMPLICATIONS

The ulcer may occasionally perforate leading to peritonitis and other complications.

Peptic Ulcers - WHAT TO DIFFERENTIATE FROM?

Occasional dyspepsia (indigestion)
Malignant ulcer/ carcinoma

HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT & Medicines for Peptic Ulcers

Homeopathy offers some very good medicines for peptic ulcer disease. But for a homeopath, the symptoms of the disease are much more important than the ulcer itself. This is because to select the right medicine a homeopaths needs to differentiate between the finer presentations of a disease which, vary from person to person. A homeopath not only tries to heal the ulcer but also tries to remove the general predisposition to acquire it. The homeopath not only tries to find 'What is wrong?', but also 'Why it went wrong?'; 'Where it started going wrong?'; 'How it evolved to the current stage?' etc. To find the answers to all these questions, a homeopath tries to gather as much information as possible regarding the pat and present medical history of the patient, his/her family history, his/her general physical and psychological characteristics etc. This hard work on the part of homeopath not only helps in removing the acute symptoms and the ulcer but also is usually able to remove the tendency for relapse. The 'on-again/off-again' nature of the disease is often removed and the general health of the person also improves as a result.
Some of the commonly used medicines for gastritis and duodenal ulcers are argentum-nit, arsenic-alb, atropine, geranium, hydrastis, kali-bichrom, merc-cor, ornithogalum, phosphorus, uranium-nit, terebintha, lycopodium, pulsatilla, graphites, natrum-phos, medorrhinum etc.

Peptic Ulcers - CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT

Drugs which decrease the secretion of acids in stomach are the mainstay of treatment. These include drugs like cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, omeprazole (proton-pump inhibitor) etc
Bismuth salts, antibiotics, and metronidazole are given to eradicate Helicobacter pylori
Antacids are prescribed for symptomatic relief.
Surgery is rarely indicated for ulcers resistant to therapy or where there are frequent relapses.

WHAT ELSE CAN I DO? - ACCESSORY MANAGEMENT

Avoid cigarette
Aspirin and Bon-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs should be avoided
Spicy and rich food may aggravate. If so, it should be avoided.
Drink lots of water.
Take frequent small meals instead of two or three big meals.

video

2009-12-26T12:47:00.000+05:30

2009-12-25T20:29:00.000+05:30

आर्सेनिक युक्त पानी से हो रहा है कैंसर

24 दिसंबर 2009

वार्ता

सहारनपुर। देश के कई भागों में आर्सेनिक युक्त जल पीने के कारण लोग कैंसर की चपेट में आ रहे हैं। पश्चिम बंगाल, उत्तर प्रदेश तथा बिहार के अनेक गांवों में भूजल में आर्सेनिक तत्व पाए जाने की पुष्टि वैज्ञानिकों ने की है।

राष्ट्रीय जलविज्ञान संस्थान रूड़की के निदेशक डॉ. आर. डी. सिंह ने ‘यूनीवार्ता’ को बताया कि पश्चिम बंगाल के कई गांवों में पीने के पानी में प्रति लीटर 3.20 मि.ग्रा. आर्सेनिक पाया गया है, जो सरकार द्वारा निर्धारित मानक से 64 गुणा अधिक है। उन्होंने बताया कि आर्सेनिक एक ऐसा विषैला तत्व है, जिसका अधिक मात्रा में सेवन किया जाए तो यह कैंसर उत्पन्न कर देता है।

विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन डब्ल्यू.एच. ओ. ने पीने के पानी में आर्सेनिक की प्रति लीटर मात्रा शून्य दशमलव शून्य एक मि.ग्रा. तय की हुई है, जबकि भारत सरकार ने शून्य दशमलव शून्य पांच मि.ग्रा. तक आर्सेनिक का मानक तय किया हुआ है। पीने के पानी में इससे अधिक आर्सेनिक होना स्वास्थ्य के लिए जान लेवा सिद्ध हो सकता है।

पश्चिम बंगाल के मालदा, मुर्शिदाबाद, वर्धमान, नाडिया, हावड़ा, हुगली, उत्तर 24 परगना, दक्षिण 24 परगना और कोलकाता जिलों के लोग इस पानी को पीने से विभिन्न रोगों के शिकार हो रहे हैं।

इसी संस्थान के वैज्ञानिक डॉ. एन. सी. घोष ने बताया कि करीब 10 हजार वर्ष पहले मिट्टी पथरीली थी और धीरे-धीरे जियोजेनिक कारणों से कुछ पत्थर मिट्टी में परिवर्तित हो गए। इन पत्थरों के कण लौह तत्व से मिलकर भूजल में घुलनशील होकर आर्सेनिक में तबदील हो गए।

डॉ. घोष ने बताया कि बिहार में 15 जिलों के 57 ब्लाकों में आर्सेनिक की मात्रा सरकार द्वारा निर्धारित मानक से अधिक पाई गई है। ये जिले है- बक्सर, भोजपुर, पटना, खगडिया, लखीसराय, सारन, बैशाली, बेगूसराय, समस्तीपुर, मुंगेर, भागलपुर, दरभंगा, पूर्णिया, कटिहार और किशनगंज।

उन्होंने बताया कि उत्तर प्रदेश में तीन जिलों के 7 ब्लॉकों के 69 गांवों के भूजल में आर्सेनिक पाए जाने की पुष्टि वैज्ञानिकों ने की है। ये जिले है- बलिया, गाजीपुर तथा वाराणसी।

झारखंड के 68 गांव असम में 9 ब्लॉक, मणिपुर में 4 जिले और छत्तीसगढ़ के 4 गांव ऐसे पाए गए है, जिनमें भूजल आर्सेनिक के कारण प्रदूषित हो चुका है।

डॉ. घोष ने बताया कि आर्सेनिक युक्त जल के निरंतर सेवन से देश के 36 जिलों में लोग शारीरिक कमजोरी, थकान, तपेदिक, (टी.बी.), श्वॉस सम्बंधी रोग, पेट दर्द, जिगर एवं प्लीहा में वृद्धि, खून की कमी, बदहजमी, वजन में गिरावट, आंखों में जलन, त्वचा सम्बंधी रोग तथा कैंसर जैसी बीमारियों की चपेट में आ चुके हैं।

उन्होंने बताया कि आर्सेनिक तत्व से पीने का पानी विषाक्त हो जाता है। इसे पीने योग्य बनाने के लिए पश्चिम बंगाल में अब आर्सेनिक रिमूवेबल फिल्टर भी लगाए गए हैं।

Homeopathic Arsenicum Album May Help Victims of Arsenic Poisoning Caused by Contaminated Groundwater

2009-12-25T18:40:00.003+05:30

Homeopathic Arsenicum Album May Help Victims of Arsenic
Poisoning Caused by Contaminated Groundwater

The dismal scenario of groundwater arsenic intoxication in third world countries -

Prolonged exposure to arsenic (As), a toxic metalloid, has caused various illnesses in millions of people globally distributed over some 20 countries. In Bangladesh and its adjoining part of West Bengal (India) alone, about 100 million people are at risk¹ of As poisoning from drinking contaminated groundwater with concentration of As ranging from 60 to 560.23 µg/l (even exceeding 3000 µg/l at certain spots). This greatly exceeds the maximum permissible limits of 10-20 µg/l for some advanced countries and 50 µg/l for developing countries as laid down by both WHO² and the US Environmental Protection Agency³. The problem of arsenic poisoning in third world countries is compounded by poor diet as well as prevailing health and hygiene conditions, especially in the rural areas. The attempts made so far by both Governmental and Non-Governmental organizations to provide As-free drinking water to the highly affected areas remain grossly inadequate. Various attempts are still being made to procure arsenic-free drinking water at an affordable cost. Serious effort should also be directed to remove As after it enters the body, because As also enters body through other sources. However, such efforts through orthodox medicines (e.g. chelating agents like DMSA, DTPA etc and some anti-oxidants) have not yet been reported to be successful by and large ^1,4,5. Chronic exposure generally leads to various ailments and dysfunctions of several vital organs like liver, kidney, lung etc.⁶, more so when there is an accompanying nutritional/dietary deficiency⁷. Therefore, the overall situation is extremely gloomy in the arsenic contaminated areas, particularly in the developing third world countries. Unless something can be done, which is affordable by a large population of poor people, millions of them have to die a slow but sure death. In such a scenario, our efforts are directed to find a remedy that is cheap, easy to administer, effective in low doses and has no toxic effect of its own. Potentized homeopathic remedies in general fit the bill. The encouraging results of early attempts made^8-9 to mobilize As in rats through micro doses of Arsenicum Album, and of our own studies in mice^10-16 in this regard suggested that Arsenicum Album-30C and Arsenicum Album 200C have the potential to be used for alleviating As toxicity in humans as well. With financial support from the Boiron Laboratory, Lyon, France, a human trial was conducted to study some of the important aspects of arsenic toxicity and the efficacy of Arsenicum Album 30C and 200C in ameliorating symptoms of arsenic toxicity (arsenicosis) in humans exposed to groundwater arsenic ^17-21 was tested.

Protocols of the study:
The following protocols of study were used:
(i)                Assay of arsenic mobilization through urine from blood, and cytotoxicity in humans exposed to groundwater arsenic, as revealed from several toxicity biomarkers like acid and alkaline phosphatases, alanine aminotransferases (ALT) and aspartate amino transferases (AST), lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), gamma-glutamyl-transferase in (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT) activities etc. in their sera;
(ii)              Assay of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Hb content, blood glucose, total and differential count (T.C./D.C), packed cell volume(PCV), cholesterol (HDL/LDL), urea/BUN, bilirubin, creatinine, albumin, triglyceride etc. of blood samples , lymphocyte viability tests (apoptosis) ;
(iii)            Immunoassay through use of ANA, dsDNA, Scl-70 antibody titer tests deploying ELISA READER etc.
(iv)            Assay of expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in blood sera of humans living in risk prone zones (and also p53 and Bcl2 gene products) and DNA damage through Ladder/Comet assay.

What exactly was under focus?
In suitable placebo controlled animal experiments, the effects of sub-lethal doses of arsenic trioxide on an animal model were tested. Mice have been studied and the efficacy of the potentized homeopathic drug, Arsenicum Album-30 (and 200th potency) in ameliorating arsenic toxicity has been assessed by analysis of data collected from some of the protocols mentioned above. These are all scientifically accepted protocols for determining the patho-physiological status of animals and humans.
In the subsequent human trial, a periodic survey of arsenic content of urine and blood samples has been made, before (to get baseline data) and at different periods after administration of the homeopathic remedy, keeping suitable placebo controls. Similarly, several enzyme toxicity biomarkers have also been analyzed from blood samples periodically before and after drug administration, using initially a few placebo fed controls for a limited period, to be sure that the drug showed a positive response as compared to controls. The “verum fed” group of subjects showed considerable improvement in appetite, digestive ability, energy level (arsenic affected people are extremely morose, frustrated and devoid of motivation and energy to work) and in their general health condition.
Similarly, periodic monitoring of other blood parameters, including ANA tests, were made before and after administration of the homeopathic remedy. These tests supported the visibly noted improvement in general appearance of and statements made by the patients taking the homeopathic remedies. There was amelioration of their joint and muscle pains, and noticeable improvement in their liver functions and other sufferings.

What results were significant?
The results were encouraging. There was clear indication of the ability of the homeopathic remedy to ameliorate arsenic toxicity in terms of both urinary arsenic excretion and corresponding positive modulations as revealed from the several toxicity biomarkers analyzed in randomized populations. An alarmingly high frequency of ANA positive cases had been recorded in two arsenic infested villages, Ghetugachhi and Dakshin Panchpota (under Chakdaha Block, Nadia, West Bengal) among random populations. Even some 9-13 year old children tested ANA positive. Many of them were also showing higher levels of blood glucose. Results showed that the potentized homeopathic remedy could reverse ANA positive cases to ANA negative ones. Even symptoms of arsenicosis (particularly of skin lesions and liver ailments) showed signs of improvement. Blood glucose levels, which were generally found to be high in people inhabiting high-risk arsenic contaminated areas, showed signs of amelioration and in most, the glucose level could be brought down to normal or near-normal levels by the administration of these remedies. The efficacy of a millesimal potency (Ars Alb 0/3) has also been tested to yield positive results (unpublished).

More works are needed:
More such studies, preferably by other independent groups of researchers with an open mind are necessary to verify, confirm (or refute) the findings, because we think this could ameliorate the sufferings of millions of people to a considerable extent, particularly where provision for supply of arsenic-free drinking water has not yet been made. The remedies would also help to ameliorate symptoms of arsenic victims who had been drinking arsenic-contaminated water for varying periods of time before arsenic-free water was actually made available to them. It must be emphasized that efforts to provide arsenic-free drinking water to all the affected people must go on, but this remedy can give an interim relief to a considerable extent before such measures are taken.

On the mechanism of action of the potentized homeopathic remedy
Potentized Arsenicum Album 30C and 200C used in the study was diluted 1/10⁶⁰and 1/10¹²⁰times, respectively. These dilutions were much beyond Avagadro’s limit, and thus cannot be theoretically expected to contain even one molecule of Arsenic trioxide, the initial source material from which the remedy was derived (by the homeopathic method of succussions and serial dilutions). Further, 8 small sugar globules soaked with a tiny drop (0.01 ml approx) of this remedy served as a single dose for a human subject. Thus the question, how can this act as a medicine, is quite pertinent. Homeopathy is unacceptable to many for lack of an authentic scientific explanation.
The problem of explaining the mechanism of action of potentized homeopathic remedies is basically three-fold: one has to explain i) how the medicinal property can be transferred to and retained by the “vehicle” (more often ethyl alcohol 40-70%), ii) how the ultra-low dose of the drug can transmit “information” to the cell receptors, and thereafter iii) is able to bring about often visible and quantifiable changes in many parameters of study. A large number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanism of action of the potentized remedies, and quite a few of these are appealing ²².
To explain the first part of the problem, a hypothesis has to satisfy that the “vehicle” must have the ability to retain the “memory” of the original drug molecule (either as clathrate or other form of bubble)²³ for a long time and also have the ability to produce smaller replicates of the “memory” molecules in larger numbers during dilution and succussion procedures. Thus, the receptor(s)²⁴ of the cell (ion-gated channels/aquaporins?), which must be conformationally changed owing to action of the actual poison (Arsenic trioxide) must be able to recognize the “molecular signal/imprint/information” of Arsenic trioxide (imprinted in the remedy) that comes in contact with it (them). The cell surface receptors with different degrees of conformational changes (and of different sizes as well) will be able to get the signals in greater numbers if signals (even smaller in size) were available. For example, if one knows what an “alphabet B” looks like, one will identify without fail the alphabet B in any size, big or small. And if an “alphabet” carries a specific signal for the cell to perform, the more signals, the greater will be the activity by signal transduction in an amplified manner, triggering a cascade of downstream activity through a chain of activation/inactivation of genes, necessary for correcting the “mistake in functioning” of these genes in question. Hence, the dictum “like cures like”, and greater the dilution and higher the potency, the stronger and longer will be the action of the medicine, as claimed by the homeopathic doctrine.
It is well documented that life begins with the orderly expression of a large number of genes, many of them being regulatory in function. Right from the maturation of ova, several genes start acting in a definite manner so that the eggs ripen. After fertilization, the zygote starts a cascade of gene activities, controlled by some specific genes (regulatory), either dictated by orientation of some cells, or merely by relative position of some gene products. A perfect circuitry of gene action is in-built in each organism, and throughout the developing (embryonic) stages all genes act in perfect harmony of one another and in serial order, and in a specific manner, depending on this circuitry. Incidentally, the gene activity has a gradient nature and can eventually trigger a cascade of downstream activity in order to perform all the functions of different organs and systems unless there arises a “chaos” in such orderly activity, mostly brought about by either some disease force and/or any other physiological disorder by external insult/influence. Some apoptotic genes are responsible for sending death signals to cells when required, that is, when hope of recovery of the cells in question is absolutely lost.
          For example, if there is a genetic arrangement existent in the same reading frame with a gradient and cascade of gene action, a series of actions can be seen. If we take an area of DNA that produces four gene products in the same reading frame and arbitrarily express them to be MADAM, then by orderly “repression” of first “M”, it will be “ADAM” which is expressed. By the repression of both “M” and “A”, DAM will be expressed, and with the repression of “M”, “A” and “D”, subsequently only AM will be expressed. But if the disease force or any external toxic agent alters the orderly functioning by repressing the last “A” instead of the first “M”, there will be no synthesis of MADAM (which will now read MADM owing to repression of “A”), no subsequent ADAM, and no DAM etc. Again the functioning can be rectified and the correct position restored if repression at the wrong site is removed, and this is possibly done by the regulatory action of the homeopathic remedy through a signal transduction mechanism in one of the many pathways. Admittedly, this is an oversimplified account of regulation of gene expression, and for achieving this goal some other intermediate mechanisms have to be involved and explained. Since repair of chromosome/DNA/protein damage has been well documented and involves specific corrective action of some known genes, and since all enzymatic changes are in fact firmly established to be under specific transcriptional activities of relevant parts of DNA, when a potentized homeopathic remedy without any physical existence of original drug molecule can be shown to bring about the spectacular changes in the action of such target enzymes, one has to think logically and on strong scientific ground that one possible explanation could be that potentized homeopathic drugs act through regulation of gene expression, as their nature of functioning suggests that it is “regulatory” in essence. Some other detailed scientific arguments in favour of this contention may be obtained from some published papers^25-28. In the meantime, the possibility of using homeopathy under the supervision of qualified homeopathic practitioners, particularly in remote villages where medical facilities are generally unavailable, may be given serious consideration.
A.R. Khuda-Bukhsh, Ph.D. - Professor and former Head, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India.
Acknowledgements: The author is grateful to Boiron Laboratories for the financial support, and to Dr. Philippe Belon, Ex-Director and Dr. N. Boujedaini of Boiron Laboratories, Lyon, France for their kind encouragements.

References

1.     Chowdhury UK, Rahman MM, Mondal BK, Paul K, Lodh D, Biswas BK, Basu GK, Chanda CR, Saha KC, Mukherjee SC, Roy S, Das R, Kaies I, Barua AK, Palit SK, Quamruzzaman, Chakraborti D. Groundwater arsenic contamination and human suffering in West Bengal, India and Bangladesh. Environ Sci 2001, 8: 393-415.
2.     WHO, in WHO guidelines for drinking water quality

3.     U. S. EPA, http://www.epa.gov/safewater/ars/quickguide.pdf(2001).
4.     Guha Mazumder DN, Das Gupta J, Santra A, Pal A, Ghosh A, Sarkar S, Chattopadhyaya N, Chakraborti D, Non-cancer effects of chronic arsenicosis with special reference to liver damage, in Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects (Edited by: Abernathy CO, Calderon RL, Chappell WR) Chapman & Hall, London, 1997, pp. 112-123..
5.     Ratnaike RN. Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity. Postgrad Med J. 2003, 79: 391-396.
6.     Patrick L. Toxic metals and antioxidants: Part II. The role of antioxidants in arsenic and cadmium toxicity. Alt. Med. Rev, 2003, 8: 106-127.
7.     Spallholz JE, Boylan LM, Rhaman MM. Environmental hypothesis: is poor dietary selenium intake an underlying factor for arsenicosis and cancer in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India? Science of the Total Env. ; 2004, 323: 21-32.
8.     Boiron J, Abecassis J, Belon P. A pharmacological study of the retention and mobilization of arsenic, as caused by Hahnemanian potencies of Arsenicum Album. In: Aspects of research in homeopathy; 1983, vol.I: 19-37.
9.     Cazin JC , Cazin M, Gaborit JL, Chaoui A, Boiron J, Belon P, Cherruault Y, Papapanayotou C. A study of the effect of decimal and centesimal dilutions of arsenic on the retention and mobilization of arsenic in the rat. Human Toxicol., 1987, 6: 315-320.

10. Mitra K, Kundu SN, Khuda-Bukhsh AR Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum Album-30) in reducing toxic effects produced by of arsenic trioxide in mice. I. On rate accumulation of arsenic in certain vital organs. Comp Ther Med, 1998, 6: 178-184.
11. Mitra K, Kundu SN, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum Album-30) in reducing toxic effects produced by of arsenic trioxide in mice. II. On alterations of body weight, tissue weight and total protein. Comp Ther Med, 1999, 7: 24-34.
12. Datta S, Mallick P, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum Album-30) in reducing genotoxic effects produced by of arsenic trioxide in mice. I. Comparative studies of pre-, post- and combined pre- and post- oral administration of and comparative efficacy of two microdoses. Comp Ther Med, 1998, 7: 62-75.
13. Datta S, Mallick P, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum Album-30) in reducing genotoxic effects produced by of arsenic trioxide in mice. II. Comparative efficacy of an antibiotic, Actinomycin D alone and in combination with either of two microdoses of the homeopathic drug, Arsenicum Album. Comp Ther Med, 1998, 7: 156-163.
14. Kundu SN, Mitra K, Khuda-Bukhsh AR Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum Album-30) in reducing cytoxic effects produced by of arsenic trioxide in mice. III. Tissue damage recovery, and enzymatic changes in liver. Comp Ther Med, 2000, 8: 76-81.
15. Kundu SN, Mitra K, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Efficacy of a potentized homoeopathic drug (Arsenicum Album-30) in reducing cytotoxic effects produced by of arsenic trioxide in mice. IV. On certain pathological conditions, gel electrophoretic protein profiles, DNA and RNA. Comp Ther Med , 2000, 8: 157-165.
16. Mallick P, Chakrabarti Mallick, J, Guha B, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Ameliorating effect of microdoses of a potentized homeopathic drug, Arsenicum Album, on arsenic induced toxicity in mice. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2003, Vol. 3/7 p. 1-19.
17. Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Pathak S, Guha B, Roy Karmakar S, Das JK, Banerjee P, Biswas JK,Mukherjee P, Bhattacharjee N, Chaki Choudhury S, Baberjee A, Bhadra S., Mallick P, Chakrabarti J , Mandal B.. Can homeopathic arsenic remedy combat arsenic poisoning in human exposed to groundwater arsenic contamination? a preliminary report on first human trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2005;2(4):537–48.
18. Belon P, Banerjee P, Chaki ChoudhuryS, Banerjee A, Biswas SJ, Roy Karmakar S, Pathak S, Guha B, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharjee N, Das JK, Khuda-Bukh AR. . Can administration of potentized homeopathic remedy, Arsenicum Album, alter anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titer in people living in high risk arsenic contaminated areas? :I.A correlation with certain hematological parameters. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2006;3(1):99–07.
19. Belon P, Banerjee A, Roy Karmakar S, Biswas SJ, Chaki Choudhury S, Banerjee P, et. al. Homeopathic remedy for arsenic toxicity? : Evidence-based findings from a randomized placebo controlled double blind human trial. Sci Total Environ 2007; 384: 141–150.
20. Belon P, Biswas SJ, Roy Karmakar S, Banerjee P, Banerjee A, Das JK, Pathak S, Chaki Choudhury S, Bhattacharjee N, Guha B, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Is an elevated antinuclear antibody titer in subjects living in two groundwater arseic contaminated villages indicative of a time-dependent effect of arsenic exposure? 2007; Env Sci:An Indian Journal, 1(1). pp-1-8.
21. Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Roy-Karmakar S, Banerjee A, Banerjee P, Pathak S, Biswas SJ, Haque S, Das D., Boujedaini N, Belon P. A Follow-up Study on the Efficacy of the Homeopathic Remedy Arsenicum Album in Volunteers Living in High Risk Arsenic Contaminated Areas. eCAM 2009;Page 1 of 8 doi:10.1093/ecam/nep122
22. Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Mice as a model for laboratory research. Homeopathy (2009), doi:10.1016/
23. Anaganostasos, GS, Vithoulkas G, Garzonis P, Tavouxoglu C. A working hypothesis for homeopathic microdiluted remedies. Berlin J Res Hom, 1991, 1: 141-147.
24. Matsumoto, J. Molecular mechanism of biological responses to homeopathic medicines. Med Hypothesis, 1995, 45: 292-296.
25. Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Potentized homeopathic drugs act through regulation of gene expression: a hypothesis to explain their mechanism and pathways of action in vivo. Com Ther Med, 5 (1997) 43-46.
26. Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Towards understanding molecular mechanisms of action of homeopathic drugs: An overview. Mol Cell Biochem, 253 (2003) 339-345.
27. Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Laboratory Research in Homeopathy. Integr Cancer Ther 2006;5(4):1-13.
28. Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Pathak S. Homeopathic drug discovery: theory update and methodological aspect. Expert Opin. Drug Discov 2008;3(8):979-90.

Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculator

2009-12-24T10:39:00.000+05:30

Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculator

Body mass index (BMI) is measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to both adult men and women

1 Pound(lbs)=0.45 Kg
1 kg = 2.2 Pounds (lbs)
1 Feet=0.304 meters

BMI Notation Chart
Age Group Recommended Overweight Obese Extremely Obese
under 17 15-20 21+ 26+ 34+
under 35 18-24 25+ 30+ 40+
35 and over 19-26 27+ 30+ 40+
BMI values below 19 for men and 18 for women indicate an underweight condition.

BMI - Body Mass Index: Frequently Asked Questions
Why does CDC use the Body Mass Index (BMI) to measure overweight and obesity in the general adult population?

Calculating the BMI is one of the best methods for population assessment of overweight and obesity. It is low-cost and easy to use for clinicians and the general public. The use of BMI allows people to compare their own weight status to the general population. The only information required to calculate a person's BMI are height, weight, and the BMI formula

BMI = (Weight in Pounds / (Height in inches x Height in inches) ) x 703

or

BMI = Weight in Kilograms /
(Height in Meters) x (Height in Meters)

Are people with a lot of muscle considered to be overweight when their BMI is over 25?

According to the weight categories, any person with a BMI over 25 would be classified as overweight. This may not mean they have excess fat. Such categories are based on scientific findings that the risk for disease increases as BMI increases.

Most studies have examined the relationship between BMI and risk of disease. Therefore we do not know whether two people with the same BMI but different amounts of fat have different risks for disease.

It is important to remember that weight is only one factor related to disease. If you have questions or concerns about the appropriateness of your weight, please discuss them with your health care provider.

How is BMI interpreted differently for children (2 – 20 years) than adults?

BMI is calculated with the same formula for children and adults, but the results are interpreted differently. For adults the use of BMI to define overweight does not depend on age or gender. For children ages 2 – 20 years, BMI is plotted on a growth chart specific for age and gender.

Child Health Programme in India

2009-12-23T11:24:00.000+05:30

   Child Health Programme in India

In 1951, India was the first country in the world to launch a family planning
programme. Since then approaches aimed at reducing population growth have taken a variety
of forms.

Major milestones in Child Health
The current status of these indicators are as follows:
Infant mortality rate 60 per 1000 live births (SRS 2003)
Neonatal mortality rate 40 per 1000 live births (SRS 2003)

Important Maternal and child health indicators-current status vs goals
   Current X V
   Year
   Plan
   2010 MDG
   IMR 60 (SRS 2000) 45 <30 <30
   NMR 26 (SRS 2000) 26 <20* <20*
   MMR 407(NFHS I) 200 <100 <100
   Institutional
   deliveries
   47% 80% 80%

Background
Till 1977 the major health activity was family planning which was changed into Family
welfare programme with Maternal and Child Health becoming an integral part of family
planning programme with the vision that reduction in birth rate has a direct relationship
with reduction in infant and child mortality.
The diarrhoeal disease control programme was started in the country in 1978. The main
objective of the programme was to prevent death due to dehydration caused by diarrheal
diseases among children under 5 years of age due to dehydration. Health education aimed
at rapid recognition and appropriate management of diarrhea has been a major component
of the CSSM. Under the RCH programme ORS is supplied in the kits to all sub-centres in
the country every year.

National Health Policy 1983 envisioned significant reduction in IMR, NMR & CMR
by 2000. All the child health programmes are directed towards achieving these goals.

Universal Immunization Programme against six preventable diseases, namely, diphtheria,
pertusis, childhood tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, measles and neonatal tetanus was introduced in
the country in a phased manner in 1985, which covered the whole of India by 1990. Significant
progress was made under the Programme in the initial period when more than 90% coverage
for all the six antigens was achieved.
The UIP was taken up in 1986 as National Technology Mission and became operational in
all districts in the country during 1989-90. UIP become a part of the Child Survival and
Safe Motherhood (CSSM) Programme in 1992 and Reproductive and Child Health (RCH)
Programme in 1997. Under the Immunization Programme, infants are immunized against
tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles and tetanus. Universal
immunisation against 6 vaccine preventable diseases (VPD) by 2000 was one of the goals
set in the National Health Policy (1983).
The ARI Control Programme was started in India in 1990.It sought to introduce
scientific protocols for case management of pneumonia with co-trimoxazole. Initially 14
pilot districts were selected and later on new districts were included. A review of the health
facility done in 1992 revealed that although 87% of personnel were trained and the drug
supply was regular yet there were problems in correct case classification and treatment.
Since 1992 the Programme was implemented as part of CSSM and later with RCH.
Cotrimoxazole tablets are supplied as part of drug kit for use by different category of
workers for managing cases of Pneumonia. Under RCH-II activities are proposed to be
implemented in an integrated way with other child health interventions.
The Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme jointly funded by World Bank
and UNICEF was started in 1992-93 for implementation up to 1997-98. The Child Survival
and Safe Motherhood Programme was implemented in a phased manner covering all the
districts of the country by the year 1996-97. The objectives of the programmes were to
improve the health status of infants, child and maternal morbidity and mortality. The
programmes seek to sustain high coverage levels achieved under the Universal Immunisation
Programme (UIP) in good performance areas and strengthen the immunisation services of
poor performing areas. The programme also provides for augmenting various activities under
the Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) Programme, universalising prophylaxis schemes for
control of anemia in pregnant women & control of blindness in children and initiating a
programme for control of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children. Under the safe
motherhood component, training of traditional birth attendants (TBA), provision of asceptic
delivery kits and strengthening of first referral units to deal with high risk and obstetric
emergencies were taken up. The approved outlay for the CSSM Programme was Rs. 1125.58
crores for the entire IDA credit facility of SDR period. The Programme yielded notable
success in improving the health status of pregnant women, infants and children & also
making a dent in IMR, MMR and incidence of vaccine preventable diseases.

Reproductive Child Health (RCH) Programme

In order to effectively improve the health status of women and children and
fulfil the unmet need for Family Welfare services in the country, especially the poor and
under served by reducing infant child and maternal mortality and morbidity, Government of
India during 1997-98 launched the RCH Programme for implementation during the 9th plan
period by integrating Child Survival and Safe Motherhood (CSSM) Programme with other
reproductive and child health (RCH) services. In addition, a new component for management
of Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI) and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) has also been
incorporated. The RCH Programme is partly funded by World Bank, UNICEF, UNFPA and
European Commission etc. Reproductive and Child Health Program is in 5th year of its
operation and is currently operational in entire country. The program follows a differential
strategy with inputs under the program linked to the needs of the area coupled with the
capacity for implementation. The program was reviewed extensively not only in context of
achievements during mid-term stage, but also in context of National Population Policy.
Efforts were made to strengthen the routine immunization as well as PPI by launching a
project for Immunization Strengthening with the World Bank assistance. The ongoing
activities were accelerated and new schemes on Financial Envelop, Dais’ Training, RCH
Camps and RCH out reach services were started to address felt gaps. The implementation of
EC assisted Sector Investment Programme has geared up, especially State/District level
activities and urban RCH component.
Currently the initiatives that are being implemented by the Department of Family Welfare
to achieve these goals are:
1. Control of deaths due to acute respiratory infection,
2. Control of deaths due to diarrheal diseases.
3. Provision of essential new born care
4. Vitamin-A supplementation to children between the ages of 6 months to 3 years.
5. Iron Folic Acid supplementation to children under five years of age.
6. Implementation of Exclusive breast feeding upto to the age of 6 months and
appropriate practices related to complementary feeding.
7. Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses(IMNCI): It offers a
comprehensive package for the management of the most common causes of childhood
illnesses i.e sepsis, measles, malaria, diarrhoea, pneumonia and malnutrition. It is
supported by appropriate strengthening of the health care system and promotion of positive
health care practices of the community

Breastfeeding
(i) Objectives
Breastfeeding: “Exclusive breastfeeding of the first six months of life” to be propagated as
it would the following benefits:
• It is the ideal method of infant feeding,
• Is the single most cost effective intervention for reduction of infant mortality.
• Delays return to fertility in the mother and hence acts as a natural contraceptive
(Lactational Amennarrhoea Method, LAM)

(ii) Strategy A breastfeeding partnership of he government with all major
professional bodies and various NGOs has been formed. The Infant Milk
Substitute (IMS) Act is being implemented
a. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
b. Lactation Clinics
c. Peer Counselling

Iron and folic acid supplementation

(i) Objectives
• Screening of children for anaemia wherever required and sappropriate tretment
of those found amaemic
• Reducing prevalence of anaemia by 25% and moderate and severe anemia by
50% in children (Tenth plan)

(ii) Strategy
• Improve dietary intake to meet RDA for all macro and micronutrients;
• Dietary diversification-inclusion of iron folate rich foods as well as food items that
promote iron absorption;
• Food fortification, including introduction of iron and iodine-fortified salt and other
iron-fortified items(e.g. atta in specific areas);
• Health and nutrition education to improve over all dietary intakes and promote
consumption of iron and folate-rich foodstuffs

Infants:
• Exclusive breast feeding for six months, and introduction of greet leafy vegetables
along with cereal/pulse/oilseed mix in the seventh month for the prevention jof
anaemia;
• Screening for anaemia in pre-term , low birth weight infants and those with growth
faltering and repeated episodes of infection; and
• Appropriate treatment for anaemic infants.
•
Preschool children
• advocacy with regard to dietary diversification for the prevention of anaemia;
• all growth retarded children and those with repeated infections have to have HB
estimation carried out and
• those found to be anaemic are provided with appropriate treatment.
In hookworm endemic areas, it is necessary to improve:
• sanitation and educate people not to walk barefoot;
• treat children with a history of passing worms with broad spectrum antihelminthics;
• screen all anaemic children for hookworm infestation and treat them
The co-operation of the PRIs and womens’ self help groups, where ever existent, may be
sought to promote and monitor intake of IFA tablets in their community.

(iii) Coverage
• As per a survey carried out in 2002 by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau,
under the ICMR, 67% of the preschool children were anaemic.
• 2,84,729 kits are distributed throughout the country each year under the RCH
programme, each kit containing 13,000 tablets of paediatric IFA tablets.

(iv) Implementation
Through the health institutions under the government sector

Vitamin A supplementation strategy

(i) Objectives
• Decrease prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency form the current 0.7% to 0.3%

(ii) Strategy

Infancy
• Health and nutrition education is being taken up to encourage colostrums feeding,
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and the introduction of
complementary feeding thereafter.
• 1,00,000 IU dose of Vitamin A is being given at nine months

Childhood
• Health education efforts to ensure adequate intake of Vitamin A rich food
throughout childhood
• Early detection and prompt treatment of infections
• Vitamin A dose of 2,00,000I.U at 18,24,30 and 36 months of age

Sick children
• All children with xerophthalmia to be treated at health facilities
• All children suffering from measles to be given one dose of Vitamin A if they have
not received it in the previous one month
• All cases of severe malnutrition to be given one additional dose of Vitamin A.

(iii) Coverage
• Vitamin A supplementation coverage rate (6-59 months) 2001 44% 1st dose
• 2,84,729 kits are distributed throughout the country each year under the RCH
programme, each kit containing 6 bottles of 100 ml each.

(iv) Implementaion
Through the health institutions and anganwadis under the government sector

Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI)

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy, which has already been
implemented in more than 100 countries all over the globe, encompasses a range of
interventions to prevent and manage five major childhood illnesses i.e. Acute Respiratory
Infections, Diarrhoea, Measles, Malaria and Malnutrition. It focuses on preventive,
promotive and curative aspects, i.e it gives a holistic outlook to the programme.
Government of India recognizes the need to strengthen child health activities in the
country. In order to do so and introduce IMCI in the country, a Core Group was constituted
which included representatives from Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP), National
Neonatology Forum of India (NNF), National Anti Malaria Program (NAMP),
Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD), Child-in-Need Institute (CINI),
WHO, UNICEF, eminent Pediatricians and Neonatologists, and the representatives from
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. The Adaptation Group
developed Indian version of IMCI guidelines and renamed it as Integrated Management
of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI).
The major components of this strategy are:
• Strengthening the skills of the health care workers
• Strengthening the health care infrastructure
• Involvement of the community
The first two components are the facility based IMNCI and the third is the commnity based
IMNCI.
The major highlights of Indian adaptation are:
• Incorporation of neonatal care as it now constitutes two thirds of infant mortality
• Inclusion of 0-7 days
• Incorporating National guidelines on Malaria, Anemia, Vitamin A supplementation
and Immunization schedule
• Training schedule reduced from 11 to 8 days
• Training begins with sick young infant upto 2 months
• Proportion of training time devoted to sick young infant and sick child is almost
equal
The Government has initiated implementation of the IMNCI strategy in four
districts each in nine selected states of Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi,
Gujarat, Uttaranchal, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan
.
The road ahead

India is a signatory to the Millenium Development Goals(MDGs).The fourth Millenium
Development Goal is reduction of child mortality and the target for this is to reduce by two
thirds, between 1990-2015 the mortality rate of children under five. This is reflected in the
Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07), which states that Infant Mortality Rate is to be reduced to
45/1000 by 2007 and 28/1000 live births by 2012

Swine Flu/Swine Influenza / H1N1 Influenza

2009-12-22T19:07:00.004+05:30

What is Swine Flu / H1N1 Influenza?
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans.

The 2009 flu outbreak in humans is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that derives in part from human influenza, avian influenza, and two separate strains of swine influenza. The origins of this new strain are unknown. It passes with apparent ease from human to human, an ability attributed to an as-yet unidentified mutation. The strain in most cases causes only mild symptoms and the infected person makes a full recovery without requiring medical attention and without the use of antiviral medicines

Why is there so much panic about Swine Flu? After all it's just a flu!

The most significant flu pandemic occurred in 1918/1919. The global mortality rate from the 1918/1919 pandemic is not known, but is estimated at 2.5 to 5% of those who were infected died. With 20% or more of the world population suffering from the disease to some extent, a case-fatality ratio this high would mean that about 0.5-1% or 50 million to 100 million people worldwide were killed. In 1957, an Asian flu pandemic infected some 45 million Americans and killed 70,000. Eleven years later, lasting from 1968 to 1969, the Hong Kong flu pandemic afflicted 50 million Americans and caused 33,000 deaths, costing approximately $3.9 billion. In 1976, about 500 soldiers became infected with swine flu over a period of a few weeks.

The scare and panic about the bird flu and swine flu have occurred because people now know what a simple flu can lead to and are afraid of the consequences - not just to the human capital but also to the global financial health.

Swine Flu / H1N1 Influenza Symptoms
The symptoms of swine flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Symptoms of Swine flu may include all or some of the following:

Fever
Muscle aches
Lethargy
Coughing
Headache
Sore throat
Runny nose
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Lack of appetite
Complications Of Swine Influenza
Those at higher risk of catching influenza in general include those with the following:

* Age of 65 years or older
* Chronic health problems (such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease)
* Pregnant women
* Young children

But the past epidemics and pandemics of flu have shown that during pandemics most people who succumb are healthy young adults.

Complications of Swine Flu can include:
* Pneumonia
* Bronchitis
* Sinus infections
* Ear infections
* Death

Transmission of Swine Flu (How does Swine Flu spread?)

As with other flu like illnesses, Swine influenza is spread as follows:

Coughing
Sneezing
Kissing
Touching infected objects
Touching nose, mouth and/or eyes with infected hands
Swine flu does not spread by eating pork.

Treatment of Swine Flu / H1N1 Influenza
Swine Flu Vaccination / Swine Flu Shot
The protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, so the presence of non reactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests that current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. The current vaccine against the seasonal influenza strain H1N1 is thought unlikely to provide protection. The director of CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases said that the United States' cases were found to be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses—North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza A virus subtype H1N1, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe.

What You Can Do to Prevent H1N1 Influenza / Swine Flu?

There are everyday actions people can take to stay healthy.

* Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
* Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hands cleaners are also effective.
* Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread that way.
* Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
* Influenza is thought to spread mainly person-to-person through coughing or sneezing of infected people.
* If you get sick, CDC recommends that you stay home from work or school and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them.

Above all. Don't get stressed by the fear of getting the swine flu. Stress can undermine your immune system. The flu doesn't kill everyone and in most cases may prove benign. Mild exercise, meditation or yoga and healthy nutritious diet can help keep your immune system in good condition and able to ward of any infections. Not every 'infection' becomes a full blown 'disease'. Most infections are taken care of by your body even before you know that you were infected. Most infections affect gravely those people who are vitally deranged. So instead of panicking about the flu, stay calm and focus on becoming a healthy 'you'.

Natural Remedy
Homeopathy Remedies for Swine Flu / H1N1 Influenza
Why Homeopathy?

Homeopathy was very successful in dealing with the 1918-19 flu pandemic. Here is a quote from the famous historian Julian Winston:

Perhaps the most recent use of homeopathy in a major epidemic was during the Influenza Pandemic of 1918. The Journal of the American Institute for Homeopathy, May, 1921, had a long article about the use of homeopathy in the flu epidemic. Dr. T A McCann, from Dayton, Ohio, reported that 24,000 cases of flu treated allopathically had a mortality rate of 28.2% while 26,000 cases of flu treated homeopathically had a mortality rate of 1.05%. This last figure was supported by Dean W.A. Pearson of Philadelphia (Hahnemann College) who collected 26,795 cases of flu treated with homeopathy with the above result.

The most common remedy used was Gelsemium, with occasional cases needing Bryonia and Eupatorium reported. Dr. Herbert A. Roberts from Derby, CT, said that 30 physicians in Connecticut responded to his request for data. They reported 6,602 cases with 55 deaths, which is less than 1%. Dr. Roberts was working as a physician on a troop ship during WWI. He had 81 cases of flu on the way over to Europe. He reported, "All recovered and were landed. Every man received homeopathic treatment. One ship lost 31 on the way."

http://www.hpathy.com/papersnew/winston-homeopathy-epidemics.asp

Homeopathic Remedies

Considering that the Swine Flu virus produces symptoms similar to the human influenza virus, the following homeopathy medicines may prove useful in cases of swine influenza:

#Gelsemium. [Gels]
This remedy corresponds to the commencement of the trouble, when the patient is weak, tired and aches throughout the body. It removes speedily the intense aching and muscular soreness. There is constant chilliness and the patient hugs the fire; the fever is less acute than that of Aconite, and the cough is hard and painful. There are paroxysms of sneezing with excoriating discharge, and great torpor and apathy. Extensive experience with this remedy in the great Epidemic of 1918 proved its usefulness. Simple cases were speedily cured. Aconite will sometimes prove the better remedy for children, but the drug will never be a prominent one in influenza. Still it may be prescribed when indicated; it will, perhaps, soothe and moderate the subsequent attack, but its action is not quick here as in simple fevers, as we have to deal with a blood affection.

#Baptisia.
Influenza with marked gastro-intestinal symptoms may need this remedy, especially when there are putrid diarrhoea stools. Clarke considers this remedy the nearest specific for the disease; he prefers the 30th potency. Hughes also praises it, but uses it in the 1x and 2x dilutions, which seem to have more extensive testimony as to their efficacy.

#Eupatorium perfoliatum.
This remedy has much soreness and aching of the entire body; hoarseness and cough, with great soreness of the larynx and upper respiratory tract. Coryza with thirst. Drinking causes vomiting. The cough is a very shattering one, hurts the head and chest, and as in Drosera, the patient holds the chest with the hands. The breakbone pains are characteristic of the remedy. Add to these symptoms acute bilious derangements, and it is all the more indicated. Many physicians rely on this remedy in influenza / flu almost exclusively in the early stages.

#Sabadilla. [Sabad]
Sneezing is the great keynote of this remedy. Sneezing and lachrymation on going into the open air. The throat is swollen and the pain is worse on empty swallowing; the sneezing is excessive, shaking the whole body. Shudderings, with gooseflesh chills creeping upwards, are also prominent symptoms. Frontal headache, dryness of mouth, without thirst and cough, worse on lying down, are additional symptoms. It suits well many cases of the catarrhal form of flu; other remedies having sneezing are Cyclamen and Euphorbia.

#Arsenicum. [Ars]
This remedy covers more phases of flu than perhaps any other remedy. Hughes believes that it will cut short an attack, especially when there is a copious flow, prostration and paroxysmal coryza. Its periodicity makes it suitable to epidemics, and it suits the early symptoms when the affection is in the upper portion of the respiratory tract. The burning dryness and copious watery excoriating secretion and the involvement of the conjunctiva are unmistakable indications. Langour and prostration are prominent symptoms.

#Arsenicum iodide.
Chills, flushes of heat and severe fluent coryza, discharge irritating and corrosive, sneezing and prostration. It corresponds to true influenza and is highly recommended by Hale. Sanguinaria nitrate is especially valuable when the trachea and larynx are affected. Phytolacca is specific when the throat is inflamed and spotty, with great hardness and tenderness of the glands.

#Dulcamara. [Dulc]
This is one of our best remedies in the acute form; the eyes are suffused, the throat is sore and the cough hurts because of the muscular soreness. If brought on by damp, cold changes in the weather, so much the surer is Dulcamara indicated.

#Bryonia.
The trouble here is largely bronchial and going downward. When a person is very grumpy and feels miserable with the flu, wanting only to lie still and be left alone, this remedy is likely to be useful. Headache, muscle aches, and cough or stomach pain may be the major symptoms. Everything feels worse from even the slightest motion. The person’s mouth usually is dry, with a thirst for large cold drinks.

#Phosphorus may be indicated, especially when the trouble moves towards the chest. It is a very useful remedy for the debility following la grippe, as it is usually of the pure nervous type. It is the great post-influenza "tonic."

#Rhus toxicodendron. [Rhus-t]
Influenza, with severe aching in all the bones, sneezing and coughing. The cough is worse evenings and is caused by a tickling behind the upper part of the sternum. Especially is it useful in cases brought on by exposure to dampness. There is much prostration and depression, and the patient may have some symptoms which are suspicious as pointing towards typhoid fever, such as burning tongue, stupor and delirium. Aching pains and nightly restlessness are keynotes symptoms. Causticum, like both Rhus and Eupatorium, has a tired, sore, bruised sensation all over the body and soreness in the chest when coughing, but it has in addition involuntary urination when coughing.

#Allium cepa. [All-c]
Profuse catarrhal coryza; the nose runs freely, there is sneezing, irritability cough, the face is swollen and looks inflamed. Camphora. This remedy is often sufficient at the outset to cut short an attack, or at least modify the severity.

#Sticta. [Stict]
Nasal catarrh; headache, thirst, nightly expectoration, great watering of eyes, running at nose, hoarseness of voice, frontal headache and depression of whole system. Tuberculous subjects attacked by influenza. "There is no better remedy," says Dr. Fornias,"for the incessant wearing, racking cough of this class of patients." Tuberculinum is an excellent prevention of recurring attacks of influenza / flu in those who have annual attacks.

#Ipecac
Adapted to cases where the gastric symptoms predominate; tongue clean or slightly coated. Nausea: with profuse saliva; vomiting of white, glairy mucus in large quantities, without relief; sleepy afterwards; worse from stooping. Low thirst. Cough: dry spasmodic, constricted, asthmatic. Difficult breathing from least exercise; violent dyspnoea, with wheezing and anxiety about the stomach. Cough, with rattling of mucus in bronchi when inspiring; threatened suffocation from mucus. Pains as if bones were all torn to pieces.

#Veratrum album
Adapted to diseases with rapid sinking of the vital forces; complete prostration; collapse. Cold perspiration on the forehead (over entire body, Tab. ) with nearly all complaints. Thirst: intense, unquenchable, for large quantities of very cold water and acid drinks; wants everything cold. Diarrhoea: frequent, greenish, watery, gushing: mixed with flakes: cutting colic, with cramps commencing in hands and feet and spreading all over; prostrating, after fright; < least movement; with vomiting, cold sweat on forehead during and prostration after. Vomiting: excessive with nausea and great prostration: < by drinking ( Ars. ); by least motion ( Tab. ); great weakness after.

The Current Swine Flu Epidemic or Possible Influenza Pandemic
It has been reported that in the current Swine influenza epidemic, the gastrointestinal symptoms (Nausea, Vomiting) are pronounced. Considering this remedies like Baptisia, Arsenic-album or Ipecac may work as Genus epidemicus or as prophylactic treatment for the current Swine influenza epidemic.

How to differentiate in these flu medicines?

If the patient has mild flu like symptoms (runny nose and watery eyes etc) but no other peculiar symptom but is anxious if it might be swine flu - think about Aconite.

If the flu patient is listless, prostrated, indifferent, has offensive diarrhoea and the parts rested upon feel sore and bruised - think about Baptisia.

If the flu patient is restless, anxious or fearful, thirsty but drinks small quantities and often, prostrated, diarrhoea after eating or drinking and nausea on seeing/smelling food, burning pains - think about Arsenicum-album.

If the nausea is more pronounced, the patient is thirstless and has pain felt in bones - think about Ipecac. Also Ipecac should be thought of if a flu patient is developing or has developed broncho-pneumonia.

If the gastrointestinal symptoms are not marked but the patient has deep pains as if bones are aching - think about Eupatorium perf.

If the flu patient is feeling dull, dizzy, drowsy, has low thirst, feels chilly, esp in back - think about Gelsemium.

Lessons from the 1918/1919 Flu Pandemic
Many people believe that the current virus strain closely matches the 1918/1919 flu pandemic, although it is not exactly like it.

In the 1918/1919 flu pandemic, people without symptoms could be stricken suddenly and within hours be too weak to walk; many died the next day. Symptoms included a blue tint to the face and coughing up blood caused by severe obstruction of the lungs. In some cases, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients drowned in their body fluids (pneumonia). In others, the flu caused frequent loss of bowel control and the victim would die from losing critical intestinal lining and from blood loss.

If such symptoms present themselves in the current pandemic, the remedies that may prove useful would be Arsenic-album, Cantharis, Phosphorus, Cuprum-met, Camphora, Veratrum-album, Ipecac or Carbo-veg.

Ars-alb, Phosphorus, Ipecac and Carbo-veg seem to have a more pronounced action on lungs/respiratory symptoms in the above mentioned symptom group. Cantharis, Phosphorus, and Carbo-veg seem to cover the bloody stools better. Camphor and Verat-alb cover the acute collapse with bluish discoloration better.

Note

Homeopathic remedies need strict individualization and are given as specifically prepared, non-toxic, micro-dose homeopathic potencies. Please consult a qualified homeopath before taking any homeopathic remedy for Swine flu / influenza

Reference for Swine Flu Information

1. Center for Disease Control (CDC), USA

Send us your suggestions, comments and experiences with Swine Flu at editor@hpathy.com

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Swine Flu Updates from WHO
29/04/2009 - The human swine flu outbreak continues to grow in the United States and internationally. Today, CDC reports additional cases of confirmed swine influenza and a number of hospitalizations of swine flu patients. Internationally, the situation is more serious too, with additional countries reporting confirmed cases of swine flu. In response to the intensifying outbreak, the World Health Organization raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 4. A Phase 4 alert is characterized by confirmed person-to-person spread of a new influenza virus able to cause “community-level” outbreaks.” The increase in the pandemic alert phase indicates that the likelihood of a pandemic has increased.

30/04/2009 - WHO raised the pandemic threat level to 5. Phase 5 is characterized by human-to-human spread of the virus into at least two countries in one WHO region. While most countries will not be affected at this stage, the declaration of Phase 5 is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and that the time to finalize the organization, communication, and implementation of the planned mitigation measures is short.

As of 29 April 2009, nine countries have officially reported 148 cases of swine influenza A/H1N1 infection. The United States Government has reported 91 laboratory confirmed human cases, with one death. Mexico has reported 26 confirmed human cases of infection including seven deaths. The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (13), Germany (3), Israel (2), New Zealand (3), Spain (4) and the United Kingdom (5).

01/05/2009 - From now on WHO will refer to the new influenza as influenza A(H1N1). This step has been taken probably because, though the new virus has some strains of swine flu virus, it is a mixed virus with strains from bird flu virus and human influenza virus. Added to that it does not seem to affect pigs! For all these reasons there has been some reported outcry by piggery owners to call this new influenza 'Swine' Flu!

As of 1 May 2009, 13 countries have officially reported 367 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

The United States Government has reported 141 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death. Mexico has reported 156 confirmed human cases of infection, including nine deaths.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (34), China, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region (1), Denmark (1), Germany (4), Israel (2), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (4), Spain (13), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (8).

02/05/2009 -- As of 2 May 2009, 16 countries have officially reported 658 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

Mexico has reported 397 confirmed human cases of infection, including 16 deaths. The higher number of cases from Mexico in the past 48 hours reflects ongoing testing of previously collected specimens. The United States Government has reported 160 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (51), China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1), Costa Rica (1), Denmark (1), France (2), Germany (6), Israel (3), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (4), Republic of Korea (1), Spain (13), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (15).

03/05/2009 -- As of 3 May 2009, 18 countries have officially reported 898 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

Mexico has reported 506 confirmed human cases of infection, including 19 deaths. The higher number of cases from Mexico in the past 48 hours reflects ongoing testing of previously collected specimens. The United States Government has reported 226 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (85), China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1), Costa Rica (1), Denmark (1), France (2), Germany (8), Ireland (1), Israel (3), Italy (1), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (4), Republic of Korea (1), Spain (40), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (15).

For the first time, the virus has now spread from humans to pigs. In Canada more than 200 pigs on a central Alberta hog farm have been infected with human swine flu.

04/05/2009 -- As of 4 May 2009, 21 countries have officially reported 1085 cases of influenza A (H1N1) infection.

Mexico has reported 590 laboratory confirmed human cases of infection, including 25 deaths. The United States has reported 286 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (101), China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1), Costa Rica (1), Colombia (1), Denmark (1), El Salvador (2), France (4), Germany (8), Ireland (1), Israel (4), Italy (2), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (6), Portugal (1), Republic of Korea (1), Spain (54), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (18).

07/05/2009 -- As of 7 May 2009, 23 countries have officially reported 2099 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

Mexico has reported 1112 laboratory confirmed human cases of infection, including 42 deaths. The United States has reported 642 laboratory confirmed human cases, including two deaths.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (201), China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1), Colombia (1), Costa Rica (1), Denmark (1), El Salvador (2), France (5), Germany (9), Guatemala (1), Ireland (1), Israel (4), Italy (5), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (5), Portugal (1), Republic of Korea (2), Spain (73), Sweden (1), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (28).

09/05/2009 -- As of 9 May 2009, 29 countries have officially reported 3440 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

Mexico has reported 1364 laboratory confirmed human cases of infection, including 45 deaths. The United States has reported 1639 laboratory confirmed human cases, including two deaths. Canada has reported 242 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Argentina (1), Australia (1), Austria (1), Brazil (6), China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1), Colombia (1), Costa Rica (1), Denmark (1), El Salvador (2), France (12), Germany (11), Guatemala (1), Ireland (1), Israel (7), Italy (6), Japan (3), Netherlands (3), New Zealand (5), Panama (2), Poland (1), Portugal (1), Republic of Korea (3), Spain (88), Sweden (1), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (34).

16/05/2009 -- As of 16 May 2009, 36 countries have officially reported 8451 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

Mexico has reported 2895 laboratory confirmed human cases of infection, including 66 deaths. The United States has reported 4714 laboratory confirmed human cases, including four deaths. Canada has reported 496 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death. Costa Rica has reported nine laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Argentina (1), Australia (1), Austria (1), Belgium (2), Brazil (8), China (4), Colombia (11), Cuba (3), Denmark (1), Ecuador (1), El Salvador (4), Finland (2), France (14), Germany (14), Guatemala (3), Ireland (1), Israel (7), Italy (9), Japan (4), Netherlands (3), New Zealand (9), Norway (2), Panama (43), Peru (1), Poland (1), Portugal (1), Republic of Korea (3), Spain (100), Sweden (2), Switzerland (1), Thailand (2), and the United Kingdom (78).

21/05/2009 -- As of 21 May 2009, 41 countries have officially reported 11034 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection, including 85 deaths.

01/06/2009 -- As of 1 June 2009, 62 countries have officially reported 17410 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection, including 115 deaths.

10/06/2009 -- As of 10 June 2009, 74 countries have officially reported 27,737 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection, including 141 deaths.

The breakdown of the number of laboratory-confirmed cases by country is given in the following map.

Map of the spread of Influenza A(H1N1): number of laboratory confirmed cases and deaths

26/06/2009 -- As of 26 June 2009, the H1N1 influenza pandemic has affected 59,814 people, including 263 deaths.

07/08/09 -- As of 31 of July 2009, 168 countries and overseas territories/communities have reported at least one laboratory confirmed case of pandemic (H1N1) 09. All continents are affected by the pandemic.

The countries and overseas territories/communities that have newly reported their first pandemic (H1N1) 2009 confirmed case(s) since the last web update (27 July 2009) as of 31 July 2009 are: Azerbaijan, Gabon, Grenada, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, Swaziland, Suriname. Globally 162380 confirmed cases of H1N1 Influenza and 1154 related deaths have been reported so far. There must be many times more unconfirmed cases. This indicates that the mortality rate of the H1N1 influenza is not significantly different from the normal seasonal flu but the lack of awareness of this fact is making people panic the world-over.

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